Información de la revista
Vol. 2. Núm. 2.
Páginas 90-106 (Marzo - Abril 2006)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 2. Núm. 2.
Páginas 90-106 (Marzo - Abril 2006)
Revisión
Acceso a texto completo
Terapias hormonales, fertilidad y embarazo en el síndrome antifosfolipídico
Hormone therapy, fertility and pregnancy in antiphospholipid syndrome
Visitas
24716
N. Fernández-Llanio
Autor para correspondencia
fernandezllanio_nag@gva.es

Correspondencia: Dra. N. Fernández-Llanio. Sección de Reumatología. Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset. Gaspar Aguilar, 90. 46017 Valencia. España.
, J.J. Alegre-Sancho, C. Chalmeta-Verdejo, C. Fernández-Carballido, J.A. Román-Ivorra
Sección de Reumatología. Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset. Valencia. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas

Debido al riesgo trombótico, y a sus implicaciones en la fertilidad, el síndrome antifosfolipídico (SAF) conlleva consideraciones particulares respecto a cualquier tipo de terapia hormonal y a la gestación. En el presente artículo, se procede a revisar ampliamente todos estos aspectos. Se desglosa lo referente a anticoncepción, terapia hormonal sustitutiva y moduladores selectivos de los receptores de estrógenos en el SAF. Se revisa la fertilización in vitro/transferencia embrionaria y la inducción ovárica en estas pacientes. Por último, se detallan las posibles complicaciones fetales y maternas durante la gestación, y basándose en la bibliografía, se indica una posible guía para el manejo del embarazo en mujeres con SAF.

Palabras clave:
Síndrome antifosfolipídico
Anticoncepción
Terapia hormonal
Embarazo
Fertilidad

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) carries a risk of thrombosis and infertility. Consequently the use of any type of hormone therapy and pregnancy in APS requires special considerations. The present article provides a broad review of all these issues. The use of contraception, hormone replacement therapy and selective estrogen receptor modulators in APS are described. In vitro fertilization/embryo transfer and ovarian induction in these patients are reviewed. Lastly, the possible fetal and maternal complications that can occur during pregnancy are described and, based on the literature, recommendations for the management of pregnancy in women with APS are provided.

Key words:
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Contraception
Hormone therapy
Pregnancy
Fertility
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
T.F. Porter.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and infertility.
Clin Obstet Gynecol, 44 (2001), pp. 29-35
[2.]
K. Ichikawa, M.A. Kamastha, T. Koike, et al.
B2 glycoprotein I reactivity of monoclonal anticardiolipin antibodies from patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome.
Arthritis Rheum, 37 (1994), pp. 1453-1461
[3.]
H.M. Day, P. Thiagarajan, C. Ahn, J.D. Reveille, K.F. Tinker, F.C. Arnett.
Autoantibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: clinical correlations in comparison with other antiphospholipid antibody tests.
J Rheumatol, 25 (1998), pp. 667-674
[4.]
J.H. Rand.
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: new insights on thrombogenic mechanisms.
Am J Med Sci, 316 (1998), pp. 142-151
[5.]
N. Shah, M.A. Khamashta, T. Atsumei, et al.
Outcome of patients with anticardiolipin antibodies: a 10 year follow-up of 52 patients.
Lupus, 7 (1998), pp. 3-6
[6.]
W.H.W. Inman, M.P. Vessey, B. Westerholm, et al.
Thromboembolic disease and the steroidal content of oral contraceptives: a report on to the Committee on Safety of Drugs.
Br Med J, 2 (1970), pp. 203-209
[7.]
World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormonal Contraception.
Venous thromboembolic disease and combined oral contraceptives: Results of international multicenter case-control study.
Lancet, 346 (1995), pp. 1575-1582
[8.]
C. Chiu Mok, C. Sing Lau, R. Woon Sing Wong.
Use of exogenous estrogens in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Semin Arthritis Rheum, 30 (2001), pp. 426-435
[9.]
W.O. Spitzer, M.A. Lewis, L.A.J. Heinemann, et al.
Third generation oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolic disorders: an international case-control study. Transnational Research Group on Oral contraceptives and the Health of Young Women.
Br Med J, 312 (1996), pp. 83-88
[10.]
H. Jick, S.S. Jick, V. Gurewick, et al.
Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing progestogen components.
Lancet, 346 (1995), pp. 1589-1593
[11.]
World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of cardiovascular disease and steroid hormone contraception.
Effect of different progestogens in low dose oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease.
Lancet, 346 (1995), pp. 1582-1588
[12.]
J.R. Meinardi, C.M.A. Henkens, M.P. Jeringa, et al.
Acquired APC resistance related to oral contraceptives and pregnancy and its possible implications for clinical practice.
Blood Coag Fibrinolisys, 8 (1997), pp. 152-154
[13.]
J. Rosing, G. Tans, G.A.F. Nicolaes, et al.
Oral contraceptives and venous thrombosis: Different sensitivities to activated C protein in women using second- and third-generation oral contraceptives.
Br J Haematol, 97 (1997), pp. 233-238
[14.]
C.R. Kay.
Progestogens and arterial disease: evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioner's study.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 142 (1982), pp. 762-765
[15.]
M. Petitti, S. Sydney, A. Berstein, et al.
Stroke in users of low-dose oral contraceptives.
N Engl J Med, 335 (1996), pp. 8-15
[16.]
L. Rosenberg, J.R. Palmer, S.M. Lesko, et al.
Oral contraceptive use and the risk of myocardial infarction.
Am J Epidemiol, 131 (1990), pp. 1009-1016
[17.]
P.C. Comp, H.A. Zacur.
Contraceptive choices in women with coagulation disorders.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 168 (1993), pp. 1990-1993
[18.]
K.W.M. Bloemencamp, F.R. Rosendaal, F.M. Helmerhorst, et al.
Enhancement by factor V Leiden mutation of risk of deep vein thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives containing a third generation progestagen.
Lancet, 346 (1995), pp. 1593-1596
[19.]
L. Lakasing, M. Khamashta.
Contraceptive practices in women with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome: What advice should we be giving?.
J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care, 27 (2001), pp. 7-12
[20.]
H.A. Julkunen.
Oral contraceptives in systemic lupus erythematosus: side effects and influence on the activity of SLE.
Scand J Rheumatol, 20 (1991), pp. 427-433
[21.]
F. Furakawa, T. Tachibana, S. Imamura, et al.
Oral contraceptive-induced lupus erythematosus in a Japanese woman.
J Dermatol, 18 (1991), pp. 56-58
[22.]
J. Sánchez-Guerrero, E.W. Karlson, M.H. Liang, et al.
Past use of oral contraceptives and the risk of developing systemic lupus erythematosus.
[23.]
B. Pimstone.
Systemic lupus erythematosus exacerbated by oral contraceptives.
S Afr J Obstet Gynecol, 3 (1966), pp. 62-63
[24.]
T.A. Chapel, R.E. Burns.
Oral contraceptives and exacerbation of lupus erythematosus.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 110 (1971), pp. 366-369
[25.]
P. Jungers, M. Dougados, C. Pelissier, et al.
Influence of oral contraceptive therapy on the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arthritis Rheum, 25 (1982), pp. 618-623
[26.]
J.P. Buyon, K.C. Kalunian, M.L. Skovron, et al.
Can women with systemic lupus erythematosus safely use exogenous estrogens?.
J Clin Rheumatol, 1 (1995), pp. 205-212
[27.]
M. Petrie, J.P. Buyon, et al.
ACR 68th Annual Scientific Meeting,
[28.]
G.R. Todd, E.J. Mc Ateer, C.M. Jack, et al.
Pulmonary hypertension, systemic lupus erythematosus, and the contraceptive pill.
Ann Rheum Dis, 44 (1985), pp. 266-267
[29.]
M.H. Miller.
Pulmonary hypertension, systemic lupus erythematosus, and the contraceptive pill: another report.
Ann Rheum Dis, 46 (1987), pp. 159-161
[30.]
S. Vad, G. Lakos, E. Kiss, et al.
Antiphospholipid antibodies in young women with and without oral contraceptive use.
Blood Coag Fibrinolys, 14 (2003), pp. 57-60
[31.]
H.A. Julkunen, R. Caja, C. Friman.
Contraceptive practice in women with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Br J Rheum, 32 (1993), pp. 227-230
[32.]
C. Bruneau, L. Intrator, A. Sobel, et al.
Antibodies to cardiolipin and vascular complications in women taking oral contraceptives.
Arthritis Rheum, 29 (1986), pp. 1294
[33.]
C. Vasilakis, S.S. Jick, H. Jick.
The risk of venous thromboembolism in users of postcoital contraceptive pills.
Contraception, 59 (1999), pp. 79-83
[34.]
C. Vasilakis, H. Jick, M. Del Mar Melero-Montes.
Risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism in users of progestagens alone.
Lancet, 354 (1999), pp. 1610-1611
[35.]
World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease And Steroid Hormone Contraception.
Cardiovascular disease and use of oral and injectable progestagen-only contraceptives and combined injectable contraceptives. Results of an international, multicenter, case-control study.
Contraception, 57 (1998), pp. 315-324
[36.]
C.G. Nilsson.
Two-year experience with two levonorgestrel IUDs and one copper releasing IUD: a randomized comparative performance study.
Fertil Steril, 39 (1983), pp. 187-192
[37.]
G. Mintz, C. Gutiérrez, M. Deleze, et al.
Contraception with progestagens in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Contraception, 30 (1984), pp. 29-30
[38.]
F.J. Sánchez-Guerrero, M. Mestanza, M.L. Jiménez, et al.
ACR 68th Annual Scientific Meeting,
[39.]
E. Daly, M.P. Vessey, M.M. Hawkins, et al.
Risk of venous thromboembolism in users of hormone replacement therapy.
[40.]
H. Jick, L.E. Derby, M.W. Myers, et al.
Risk of hospital admission for idiopathic venous throboembolism among users of postmenopausal estrogens.
[41.]
F. Grodstein, M.J. Stampfer, S.Z. Goldhaber, et al.
Prospective study of exogenous hormones and risk of pulmonary embolism in women.
[42.]
D. Grady, N.K. Wenger, D. Herrington, et al.
Postmenopausal hormone therapy increases risk for venous thromboembolic disease. The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS).
Ann Intern Med, 132 (2000), pp. 689-696
[43.]
M. Cusham, L.H. Kuller, R. Prentice, et al.
Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis.
JAMA, 292 (2004), pp. 1573-1580
[44.]
N.L. Smith, S.R. Heckbert, R.N. Lemaitre, et al.
Esterified estrogens and conjugated equine estrogens and the risk of venous thrombosis.
JAMA, 292 (2004), pp. 1581-1587
[45.]
N.K. Arden, M.E. Lloyd, T.D. Spector, et al.
Safety of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Lupus, 3 (1994), pp. 11-13
[46.]
C.C. Mok, C.S. Lau, C.T. Ho, et al.
Safety of hormonal replacement therapy in postmenopausal patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Scand J Rheumatol, 27 (1998), pp. 342-346
[47.]
S. Kreidstein, M.B. Urowitz, D.D. Gladman, et al.
Hormone replacement therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus.
J Rheumatol, 24 (1997), pp. 2149-2152
[48.]
J.P. Buyon.
Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus.
J Am Med Women's Assoc, 53 (1998), pp. 13-17
[49.]
J. Sánchez-Guerrero, M.H. Liang, E.W. Karlson, et al.
Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and the risk for developing systemic lupus erythematosus.
Ann Intern Med, 122 (1995), pp. 430-433
[50.]
C.R. Meier, H. Jick.
Tamoxifen and risk of idiopathic venous thromboembolism.
Br J Clin Pharmacol, 45 (1998), pp. 608-612
[51.]
T. Saphner, D.C. Tormey, R. Gray.
Venous and arterial thrombosis in patients who received adjuvant therapy for breast cancer.
J Clin Oncol, 9 (1991), pp. 286-294
[52.]
B. Fisher, J.P. Costantino, D.L. Wickerham, et al.
Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study.
J Natl Cancer Inst, 90 (1998), pp. 1371-1388
[53.]
K.I. Pritchard, A.H.G. Paterson, N.A. Paul, et al.
Increased thromboembolic complications with concurrent tamoxifen and chemotherapy in a randomized trial of adjuvant therapy for women with breast cancer.
J Clin Oncol, 14 (1996), pp. 2731-2737
[54.]
Z.M. Sthoeger, H. Zinger, E. Mozes.
Benneficial effects of the anti-oestrogen tamoxifen on systemic lupus erythematosus of (NZBxNZW)F1 female mice are associated with specific reduction of IgG3 autoantibodies.
An Rheum Dis, 62 (2003), pp. 341-346
[55.]
W.M. Wu, B.F. Lin, Y.C. Su, et al.
Tamoxifen decreases renal inflammation and alleviates disease severity in autoimmune NZB/W F1 mice.
Scand J Immunol, 52 (2000), pp. 393-400
[56.]
A.D. Sturgess, D.T. Evans, I.R. Mackay, et al.
Effects of the oestrogen antagonist tamoxifen on disease indices in systemic lupus erythematosus.
J Clin Lab Immunol, 13 (1984), pp. 11-14
[57.]
B. Ettinger, D.M. Black, B.H. Mitlak, et al.
Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators.
JAMA, 282 (1999), pp. 637-645
[58.]
W.A. Wilson, A.E. Gharavi, T. Koike, et al.
International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: Report of an international workshop.
[59.]
B.D. Kaider, D.E. Price, R.G. Roussev, C.B. Coulam.
Antiphospholipid antibody prevalence in patients with IVF failure.
Am J Reprod Immunol, 35 (1996), pp. 388-393
[60.]
E. Geva, Y. Yaron, J.B. Lessing, I. Yovel, N. Vardinon, M. Burke, et al.
Circulating autoimmune antibodies may be responsible for implantation failure in vitro fertilization.
Fertil Steril, 62 (1994), pp. 802-806
[61.]
J. Balasch, M. Creus, F. Fabregues, J.C. Reverter, F. Carmona, D. Tassies, et al.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and human reproductive failure.
Hum Reprod, 11 (1996), pp. 2310-2315
[62.]
A. Birkenfeld, T. Mukaida, L. Minichiello, M. Jackson, N.G. Kase, M. Yemini.
Inicidence of autoimmune antibodies in failed embryo transfer cycles.
Am J Reprod Immunol, 31 (1994), pp. 65-68
[63.]
N. Gleicher, A. El-Roeiy, E. Confino, J. Friberg.
Reproductive failure because of autoantibodies: unexplained infertility and pregnancy wastage.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 160 (1989), pp. 1376-1380
[64.]
A. El-Roeiy, N. Gleicher, J. Friberg, E. Confino, A. Dudkiewicz.
Correlation between peripheral blood and follicular fluid autoantibodies and impact on in vitro fertilization.
Obstet Gynecol, 70 (1987), pp. 163-170
[65.]
P.V. Taylor, J.M. Campbell, J.S. Scott.
Presence of autoantibodies in women with unexplained infertility.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 161 (1989), pp. 377-379
[66.]
R.G. Roussev, B.D. Kaider, D.E. Price, C.B. Coulam.
Laboratory evaluation of women experiencing reproductive failure.
Am J Reprod Immunol, 35 (1996), pp. 415-420
[67.]
K. Aoki, A.B. Dudkiewicz, E. Matsuura, M. Novotny, G. Kaberlein, N. Gleicher.
Clinical significance of B2-glycoprotein independent anticardiolipin antibodies in the reproductive autoimmune failure syndrome: Correlation with conventional antiphospholipid antibody detection systems.
J Obstet Gynecol, 172 (1995), pp. 926-931
[68.]
H. Hatasaka, T.F. Porter, R.M. Silver.
Antiphospholipid antibody levels are not elevated among women with tubal factor and unexplained infertility.
Annual Proceedings of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine,
[69.]
E. Geva, A. Amit, L. Lerner-Geva, F. Azem, I. Yovel, J.B. Lessing.
Autoimmune disorders: another possible cause for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer failure.
Hum Reprod, 10 (1995), pp. 2560-2563
[70.]
F. Azem, E. Geva, A. Amit, L. Lerner-Geva, T. Shwartz, D. Ben-Yosef, et al.
High levels of anticardiolipin antibodies in patients with abnormal embryo morphology who attended an in vitro fertilization program.
Am J Reprod Immunol, 39 (1998), pp. 161-163
[71.]
M.M. Nip, P.V. Taylor, A.J. Rutherford, K.W. Hancock.
Autoantibodies and antisperm autoantibodies in sera and follicular fluids of infertile patients: Relation to reproductive outcome after in vitro fertilization.
Hum Reprod, 10 (1995), pp. 2564-2569
[72.]
M.A. Birdsall, G.M. Lockwood, W.L. Ledger, P.M. Johnson, L.W. Chamley.
Antiphospholipid antibodies in women having in vitro fertilization.
Human Reprod, 11 (1996), pp. 1185-1189
[73.]
A. Kowalik, M. Vichnin, H.C. Liu, W. Branch, A.S. Berkeley.
Midfollicular anticardiolipin and antiphosphatidylserine antibody titters do not correlate with IVF outcome.
Fertil Steril, 68 (1997), pp. 298-304
[74.]
C.B. Coulam, B.D. Kaider, A.S. Kaider, P. Janowicz, R.G. Roussev.
Antiphospholipid antibodies associated with implantation failure after IVF/ET.
J Assist Reprod Genet, 14 (1997), pp. 603-608
[75.]
A.L. Denis, M. Guido, R.D. Adler, P.A. Bergh, C. Brenner, R.T. Scott Jr.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and pregnancy rates outcome in vitro fertilization patients.
Fertil Steril, 67 (1997), pp. 1084-1090
[76.]
I.T. Chilcott, R. Margara, H. Cohen, R. Rai, J. Skull, W. Pickering, et al.
Pregnancy outcome is not affected by antiphospholipid antibody status in women referred for in vitro fertilization.
Fertil Steril, 73 (2000), pp. 526-530
[77.]
M.D. Hornstein, O.K. Davis, J.B. Massey, R.J. Paulson, J.A. Collins.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and in vitro fertilization success: A metaanalysis.
Fertil Steril, 73 (2000), pp. 330-333
[78.]
I. Hasegawa, Y. Yamanoto, M. Suzuki, H. Murakawa, T. Kurabayashi, K. Takakuwa, et al.
Prednisolone plus low-dose aspirin improves the implantation rate in women with autoimmune conditions who are undergoing in vitro fertilization.
Fertil Steril, 70 (1998), pp. 1044-1048
[79.]
G. Sher, M. Feinman, C. Zouves, G. Kuttner, G. Maassarani, R. Salem, et al.
High fecundity rates following in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in antiphospholipid antibody seropositive women treated with heparin and aspirin.
Hum Reprod, 9 (1994), pp. 2278-2283
[80.]
G. Sher, W. Matzner, M. Feinman, G. Maassarani, C. Zouves, P. Chong, et al.
The selective use of heparin/aspirin therapy, alone or in combination with intravenous immunoglobulin G, in the management of antiphospholipid antibody-positive women undergoing in vitro fertilization.
Am J Reprod Immunol, 40 (1998), pp. 74-82
[81.]
L.M. Schenk, L. Buttler, J.P. Morris, et al.
Heparin and aspirin treatment yields higher implantation rates in IVF patients with antiphospholipid antibody seropositivity compared to untreated seronegative patients (abstract).
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine,
[82.]
W.H. Kutteh, D.L. Yetman, S.J. Chantilis, J. Crain.
Effect of antiphospholipid antibodies in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization: role of heparin and aspirin.
Hum Reprod, 12 (1997), pp. 1171-1175
[83.]
C. Stern, L. Chamley, H. Norris, L. Hale, H.W. Baker.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of heparin and aspirin for women with in vitro fertilization implantation failure and antiphospholipid or antinuclear antibodies.
Fertil Steril, 80 (2003), pp. 376-383
[84.]
D. Meirow, N. Laufer, J.G. Schenkser.
Ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization.
Gynecol Endocrinol, 6 (1993), pp. 211-224
[85.]
H.S. Jacobs, R. Agrawal.
Complications of ovarian stimulation.
Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 12 (1998), pp. 565-579
[86.]
R.S. Morris, R.J. Paulson.
Increased angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in a patient with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Fertil Steril, 71 (1999), pp. 562-563
[87.]
S. Andrejevic, B. Bonaci-Nikolic, M. Bukilica, et al.
Intracardiac thrombosis and fever possibly triggered by ovulation in a patient with antiphospholipid antibodies.
Scand J Rheumatol, 31 (2002), pp. 249-251
[88.]
E.J. Koo, J.H. Rha, B.I. Lee, et al.
A case of cerebral infarct in combined antiphospholipid antibody and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
J Korean Med Sci, 17 (2002), pp. 574-576
[89.]
F. Vázquez, D. Penchasky, I. De la Parra, et al.
Bilateral internal jugular thrombosis associated with thrombophilia after ovarian induction for infertility.
Medicina (Buenos Aires), 62 (2002), pp. 328-330
[90.]
M. Ludwig, R.E. Felberbaum, K. Diedrich.
Deep vein thrombosis during administration of HMG for ovarian stimulation.
Arch Gynecol Obstet, 263 (2000), pp. 139-141
[91.]
J.R. Loret de Mola, R. Kiwi, C. Austin, et al.
Subclavian deep vein thrombosis associated with the use of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (Gonal-F) complicating mild ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Fertil Steril, 73 (2000), pp. 1253-1256
[92.]
I.M. Turkistani, S.A. Ghourab, O.H. Al-Sheikh, et al.
Central retinal artery occlusion associated with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Eur J Ophtalmol, 11 (2001), pp. 313-315
[93.]
A. Mancini, D. Milardi, M.L. Di Pietro, et al.
A case of forearm amputation after ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer.
Fertil Steril, 76 (2001), pp. 198-200
[94.]
F. Fabregues, D. Tàssies, J.C. Reverter, et al.
Prevalence of thrombophilia in women with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and cost-effectiveness of screening.
Fertil Steril, 81 (2004), pp. 989-995
[95.]
M. Dulitzky, S.B. Cohen, A. Inbal, et al.
Increased prevalence of thrombophilia among women with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Fertil Steril, 77 (2002), pp. 463-467
[96.]
B. Le Thi Huong, B. Wechsler, J.-C. Piette, et al.
Risks of ovulation-induction therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Br J Rheum, 35 (1996), pp. 1184-1186
[97.]
L.T. Huong, B. Wechsler, D. Vauthier-Brouzes, et al.
Importance of planning ovulation induction therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome: a single center retrospective study of 21 cases and 114 cycles.
Semin Arthritis Rheum, 32 (2002), pp. 174-188
[98.]
B. Le Thi Huong, B. Wechsler, J.C. Piette.
Ovulation induction therapy and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Ann Intern Med, 154 (2003), pp. 45-50
[99.]
N. Guballa, L. Sammaritano, S. Schwartzman, et al.
Ovulation induction and in vitro fertilization in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome.
[100.]
A. Ben-Chetrit, E. Ben-Chetrit.
Systemic lupus erythematosus induced by ovulation induction treatment.
Arthritis Rheum, 37 (1994), pp. 1614-1617
[101.]
D. Macut, D. Micic, N. Suvajdzic, et al.
Ovulation induction and early pregnancy loss in a woman susceptible to autoimmune diseases: a possible interrelationship.
Gynecol Endocrinol, 14 (2000), pp. 153-157
[102.]
R.D. Franklin, R.A. Bronson, W.H. Kutteh.
Gonadotropins do not induce antiphospholipid antibodies.
Am J Reprod Immunol, 40 (1998), pp. 359-363
[103.]
L.C. Udoff, D.W. Branch.
Management of patients with antiphospholipid antibodies undergoing in vitro fertilization.
J Autoim, 15 (2000), pp. 209-211
[104.]
D.W. Branch.
Immunoglobulin G fractions from patients with antiphospholipid antibodies cause fetal death in Balb/c mice: a model for autoinmune fetal loss.
Am J Obset Gynecol, 163 (1990), pp. 210-216
[105.]
R.M. Silver, T.F. Porter, I. Van Leeween, G. Jen, S.R. Scott, D.W. Branch.
Anticardiolipin antibodies: clinical significance of low titters.
Obstet Gynecol, 87 (1996), pp. 494-500
[106.]
B.T. Oshiro, R.M. Silver, J.R. Scott, H. Yu, D.W. Branch.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and fetal death.
Obstet Ginecol, 87 (1996), pp. 489-493
[107.]
N.J. Sebire, H. Fox, M. Backos, R. Rai, C. Paterson, L. Regan.
Human Reproduction, 17 (2002), pp. 1067-1071
[108.]
J.A. McIntyre.
Antiphospholipid antibodies in implantation failures.
Am J Reprod Immunol, 49 (2003), pp. 221-229
[109.]
N.S. Rote, E. Vogt, G. De Vere, et al.
The role of placental trophoblast in the pathophysiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
Am J Reprod Immunol, 39 (1998), pp. 125-136
[110.]
N. Di Smone, E. Raschi, C. Testoni, R. Castellani, M. D’Asta, T. Shi, et al.
Pathogenic role of anti-β2-glycoprotein I binding to trophoblast cells and functional effects of anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies in vitro.
Ann Rheum Dis, 64 (2005), pp. 462-467
[111.]
N. Di Simone, R. Castellani, D. Caliandro, et al.
Antiphospholipid antibodies regulate the expression of throfoblast cell adhesion molecules.
Fertil Steril, 77 (2002), pp. 805-811
[112.]
F. DeWolf, L.O. Carreras, P. Moerman, et al.
Decidual vasculopathy and extensive placental infarction in a patient with repeated thromboembolic accidents, recurrent fetal loss, and lupus anticoagulant.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 142 (1982), pp. 829-834
[113.]
J.H. Rand, X.X. Wu, H.A. Andree, et al.
Pregnancy loss in the antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome- A possible thrombogenic mechanism.
N Engl J Med, 337 (1997), pp. 154-160
[114.]
W. Geis, D.W. Branch.
Obstetric implications of Antiphospolipid antibodies: Pregnancy loss and other complications.
Obstet Gynecol, 44 (2001), pp. 2-10
[115.]
M.D. Lockshin, M.L. Druzin, S. Goei, et al.
Antibody to cardiolipin as a predictor of fetal distress or death in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
N Engl J Med, 313 (1985), pp. 152-156
[116.]
D.W. Branch, J.R. Scott, N.K. Kochenour, et al.
Obstetric omplications associated with the lupus anticoagulant.
N Engl J Med, 313 (1985), pp. 1322-1326
[117.]
D.W. Branch, D.J. Dudley, J.R. Scott, et al.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and fetal loss.
N Engl J Med, 326 (1992), pp. 952
[118.]
A. Caruso, S. De Carolis, S. Ferrazzani, et al.
Pregnancy outcome in relation to uterine artery flow velocity waveforms and clinical characteristics in women with antiphospholipid syndrome.
Obstet Gynecol, 82 (1993), pp. 970-977
[119.]
F. Lima, M.A. Khamastha, N.M. Buchanan, et al.
A study of sixty pregnancies in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 14 (1996), pp. 131-136
[120.]
D.W. Branch, R. Andres, K.B. Digre, et al.
The association of antiphospholipid antibodies with severe preeclampsia.
Obstet Gynecol, 73 (1989), pp. 541-545
[121.]
J. Moodley, V. Bhoola, J. Duursma, et al.
The association of antiphospholipid antibodies with severe early onset preeclampsia.
S Afr Med J, 85 (1995), pp. 105-107
[122.]
N.S. Pattison, L.W. Chamley, E.J. McKay, et al.
Antiphospholipid antibodies in pregnancy: Prevalence and clinical associations.
Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 100 (1993), pp. 909-913
[123.]
M. Yasuda, K. Takakuwa, A. Tokunaga, et al.
Prospective studies of the association between anticardiolipin antibody and outcome of pregnancy.
Obstet Gynecol, 86 (1995), pp. 555-559
[124.]
A. Lynch, R. Marlar, J. Murphy, et al.
Antiphospholipid antibodies in predicting adverse pregnancy outcome. A prospective study.
Ann Intern Med, 120 (1994), pp. 470-475
[125.]
R. Rai, H. Cohen, M. Dave, et al.
Randomized controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies.
BMJ, 314 (1997), pp. 253-257
[126.]
W.H. Kutteh.
Antiphospholipid antibody associated recurrent pregnancy loss: Treatment with heparin and low-dose aspirin is superior to low dose aspirin alone.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 174 (1996), pp. 1584-1589
[127.]
W.H. Kutteh, L.D. Ermel.
A clinical trial for the treatment of antiphospholipid antibody-associated recurrent pregnancy loss with lower dose heparin and aspirin.
Am J Reprod Immunol, 35 (1996), pp. 402-407
[128.]
D.W. Branch, R.M. Silver, J.L. Blackwell, et al.
Outcome of treated pregnancies in women with antiphospholipid syndrome: An update of the Utah experience.
Obstet Gynecol, 80 (1992), pp. 614-620
[129.]
R.H. Derksen, M.A. Khamashta, D.W. Branch.
Management of the bstetric antiphospholipid syndrome.
Arthritis Rheum, 50 (2004), pp. 1028-1039
[130.]
C.J. Lockwood, R. Romero, R.F. Feinberg, et al.
The prevalence and biologic significance of lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin antibodies in a general obstetric population.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 161 (1989), pp. 369-373
[131.]
A. Tincani, W. Branco, R.A. Levy, J.C. Piette, H. Carp, R.S. Rai, et al.
Treatment of pregnant patients with antiphospholipid syndrome.
Lupus, 12 (2003), pp. 524-529
[132.]
M. Petri.
Pregnancy in S.LE.
Bailliere's Clin Rheumatol, 12 (1998), pp. 449-476
[133.]
F.S. Cowchock, E.A. Reece, D. Balaban, et al.
Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: A collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin treatment.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 166 (1992), pp. 1318-1323
[134.]
R.K. Silver, S.N. MacGregor, J.S. Sholl, et al.
Comparative trial of prednisone plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in the treatment of anticardiolipin antibody-positive obstetric patients.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 169 (1993), pp. 1411-1417
[135.]
C.A. Laskin, C. Bombardier, M.E. Hannah, et al.
Prednisone and aspirin in women with autoantibodies and unexplained recurrent fetal loss.
N Engl J Med, 337 (1997), pp. 148-153
[136.]
M. Empson, M. Lassere, J.C. Craig, et al.
Recurrent pregnancy loss with antiphospholipid antibody: A systematic review of therapeutic trials.
Obstet Gynecol, 99 (2002), pp. 135-144
[137.]
J. Balash, F. Carmona, A. López-Soto, et al.
Low-dose aspirin for prevention of pregnancy losses in women with antiphospholipid syndrome.
Hum Reprod, 8 (1993), pp. 2234-2239
[138.]
M.G. Elder, M. De Swiet, A. Robertson, et al.
Low-dose aspirin in pregnancy.
Lancet, i (1988), pp. 410
[139.]
N.S. Pattison, L.W. Chamley, M. Birdsall, et al.
Does aspirin have a role in improving pregnancy outcome for women with the antiphospholipid syndrome? A randomized controlled trial.
Am J Ostet Gynecol, 183 (2000), pp. 1008-1012
[140.]
M. Tulppala, M. Marttunen, V. Soderstrom-Anttila, et al.
Low-dose aspirin in prevetion of miscarriage in women with unexplained or autoimmune related recurrent miscarriage: effect on prostacycline and thromboxane A2 production.
Hum Reprod, 12 (1997), pp. 1567-1572
[141.]
R.G. Farquharson, S. Quenby, M. Graves.
Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: A randomized, controlled trial of treatment.
Obstet Gynecol, 100 (2002), pp. 408-413
[142.]
C. Gordon.
Pregnacy and autoimmune diseases. Best practice and research.
Clin Rheumatol, 18 (2004), pp. 359-379
[143.]
A. Ruffatti, M. Favaro, M. Tonillo, G. De Silvestre, V. Pengo, G. Fais, et al.
Efficacy and safety of nadroparin in the treatment of pregnant women with antiphospholipid syndrome: a prospective cohort study.
Lupus, 14 (2005), pp. 120-128
[144.]
D.W. Branch, A. Munther, M.A. Khamashta.
Antiphospholipid syndrome: Ostetric diagnosis, management, and controversies.
Obstet Gynecol, 101 (2003), pp. 1333-1344
[145.]
L.M. Huxtable, M.J. Tafreshi, S.M. Ondreyco.
A protocol for the use of enoxaparin during pregnancy: results from 85 pregnancies including 13 multiple gestation pregnancies.
Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 11 (2005), pp. 171-181
[146.]
L.S. Noble, W.H. Kutteh, N. Lashey, R.D. Franklin, J. Herrada.
Antiphospholipid antibodies associated with recurrent pregnancy loss: prospectve, multicenter, controlled pilot study comparing treatment with lowmolecular-weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin.
Fertil Steril, 83 (2005), pp. 684-690
[147.]
B.H. Hunt, M.A. Khamashta, L. Lakasing, et al.
Thromboprophilaxis in antiphospholipid syndrome pregnancies with previous cerebral arterial thrombotic events: is warfarin preferable?.
Thromb Haemost, 79 (1998), pp. 1060-1061
[148.]
A. Tincani, W. Branco, R.A. Levy, J.C. Piette, H. Carp, R.S. Rai, et al.
Treatment of pregnant patients with antiphospholipid syndrome.
Lupus, 12 (2003), pp. 524-529
[149.]
D. Branch, A. Peaceman, M. Druzin, et al.
A multicenter, placebo-controlled pilot study of intravenous immune globulin treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy.
Am J Obstet Gynecol, 188 (2000), pp. 122-127
[150.]
C. Gordon, M.D. Kilby.
Use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
Lupus, 7 (1998), pp. 429-433
Copyright © 2006. Elsevier España S.L Barcelona
Idiomas
Reumatología Clínica
Opciones de artículo
Herramientas
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?