Continuing medical education
Pathogenic mechanisms of the anti-phospholipid antibodies
Mecanismos patogénicos de los anticuerpos antifosfolípidos
Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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Hernández Ramírez, Carlos A. Núñez-Álvarez, Javier Cabiedes" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elizabeth" "apellidos" => "Olivares Martínez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Diego F." "apellidos" => "Hernández Ramírez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos A." "apellidos" => "Núñez-Álvarez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Cabiedes" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173574311700119?idApp=UINPBA00004M" "url" => "/21735743/0000000700000001/v1_201305061616/S2173574311700119/v1_201305061616/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:16 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Continuing medical education</span>" "titulo" => "Pathogenic mechanisms of the anti-phospholipid antibodies" "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0 "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "72" "paginaFinal" => "76" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Carlos A. Núñez-Álvarez, Javier Cabiedes" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Carlos A." "apellidos" => "Núñez-Álvarez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "nuac80df@yahoo.com.mx" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Cabiedes" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "entidad" => "Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Mecanismos patogénicos de los anticuerpos antifosfolípidos" ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2009-10-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2009-10-09" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec112639" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Antiphospholipid syndrome" 1 => "Antiphospholipid antibodies" 2 => "Anti-β2Glycoprotein-I antibodies" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec112638" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Síndrome de antifosfolípidos" 1 => "Anticuerpos antifosfolípidos" 2 => "Anticuerpos anti-β2Glicoproteína-I" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The antiphospolipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by recurrent fetal loss, thrombotic events (arterial or venous) and hemocytopenic disorders associated to high titers of circulating aPL. Two variants of the APS have been described. Primary APS is a clinical entity without evidence of any other autoimmune disease and secondary APS is a clinical disorder mainly associated with Systemic Lupus Erithematosus (SLE). aPL are a widely group of immunoglobulins directed against different components or proteins factors. In 1990 three groups of researchers identified that β2GP-I is the mainly antigenic target of aPL in APS patients. There are evidences that show that more than one pathogenic mechanism is involved in the development of the APS. The best documented clinical manifestations associated with the APS are recurrent fetal loss and thrombotic disorders. The latter is based on observations in vivo in animal models and in vitro on the effects caused by aβ2GP-I antibodies from patients with APS or from animals which cause experimental APS.</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The objective of the present paper is to show the pathogenic mechanisms that participate in the development of the APS. We also presented evidence that shows that aβ2GP-I induces pro-inflammatory, pro-adhesive and pro-coagulant disorder.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El síndrome de antifosfolípidos (SaF) es una enfermedad autoinmune caracterizada por abortos recurrentes, eventos trombóticos (arteriales o venosos) y hemocitopenias asociadas con títulos altos de aFL séricos. Se han descrito dos presentaciones de SaF: el SaF primario, que se presenta como entidad única y el SaF secundario o asociado principalmente a LEG.</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los aFL son un grupo heterogéneo de inmunoglobulinas dirigidas contra diversos componentes o factores proteicos. En 1990, tres grupos de investigadores identificaron a la β2GP-I como el principal blanco antigénico de los aFL presentes en los pacientes con SaF. Diversos trabajos han mostrado que existe más de un mecanismo patogénico involucrado en el desarrollo del SaF. Las manifestaciones clínicas mejor documentadas son los abortos recurrentes y las alteraciones trombóticas. Lo anterior se fundamenta en las evidencias observadas in vivo en modelos animales e in vitro causadas por los anticuerpos anti-β2GP-I (aβ2GP-I) de pacientes con SaF o de origen animal.</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La presente revisión tiene como objetivo mostrar los mecanismos patogénicos que participan en el desarrollo del SaF. Presentamos, además, las evidencias que muestran que los aβ2GP-I inducen un estado proinflamatorio, proadhesivo y procoagulante.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Note: Section accredited by SEAFORMEC with 1.7 créditos. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 8 | 19 | 27 |
| 2024 October | 32 | 51 | 83 |
| 2024 September | 37 | 29 | 66 |
| 2024 August | 38 | 49 | 87 |
| 2024 July | 32 | 44 | 76 |
| 2024 June | 25 | 44 | 69 |
| 2024 May | 27 | 36 | 63 |
| 2024 April | 29 | 32 | 61 |
| 2024 March | 20 | 35 | 55 |
| 2024 February | 31 | 33 | 64 |
| 2024 January | 21 | 25 | 46 |
| 2023 December | 10 | 24 | 34 |
| 2023 November | 19 | 26 | 45 |
| 2023 October | 28 | 34 | 62 |
| 2023 September | 19 | 48 | 67 |
| 2023 August | 30 | 11 | 41 |
| 2023 July | 16 | 35 | 51 |
| 2023 June | 12 | 27 | 39 |
| 2023 May | 21 | 12 | 33 |
| 2023 April | 12 | 11 | 23 |
| 2023 March | 17 | 28 | 45 |
| 2023 February | 23 | 28 | 51 |
| 2023 January | 19 | 24 | 43 |
| 2022 December | 25 | 30 | 55 |
| 2022 November | 25 | 28 | 53 |
| 2022 October | 23 | 42 | 65 |
| 2022 September | 27 | 35 | 62 |
| 2022 August | 21 | 46 | 67 |
| 2022 July | 22 | 43 | 65 |
| 2022 June | 26 | 36 | 62 |
| 2022 May | 28 | 51 | 79 |
| 2022 April | 34 | 46 | 80 |
| 2022 March | 37 | 48 | 85 |
| 2022 February | 26 | 36 | 62 |
| 2022 January | 52 | 40 | 92 |
| 2021 December | 35 | 40 | 75 |
| 2021 November | 37 | 50 | 87 |
| 2021 October | 54 | 53 | 107 |
| 2021 September | 46 | 46 | 92 |
| 2021 August | 66 | 36 | 102 |
| 2021 July | 41 | 38 | 79 |
| 2021 June | 47 | 50 | 97 |
| 2021 May | 46 | 50 | 96 |
| 2021 April | 91 | 93 | 184 |
| 2021 March | 41 | 33 | 74 |
| 2021 February | 35 | 17 | 52 |
| 2021 January | 24 | 18 | 42 |
| 2020 December | 26 | 15 | 41 |
| 2020 November | 17 | 21 | 38 |
| 2020 October | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2020 September | 37 | 22 | 59 |
| 2020 August | 22 | 21 | 43 |
| 2020 July | 28 | 21 | 49 |
| 2020 June | 30 | 18 | 48 |
| 2020 May | 24 | 21 | 45 |
| 2020 April | 24 | 19 | 43 |
| 2020 March | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2020 February | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2020 January | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 September | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2019 June | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 March | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 January | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 May | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2018 April | 23 | 16 | 39 |
| 2018 March | 21 | 16 | 37 |
| 2018 February | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2018 January | 11 | 2 | 13 |
| 2017 December | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2017 November | 17 | 6 | 23 |
| 2017 October | 24 | 14 | 38 |
| 2017 September | 14 | 4 | 18 |
| 2017 August | 12 | 7 | 19 |
| 2017 July | 8 | 9 | 17 |
| 2017 June | 29 | 8 | 37 |
| 2017 May | 29 | 9 | 38 |
| 2017 April | 22 | 7 | 29 |
| 2017 March | 18 | 3 | 21 |
| 2017 February | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| 2017 January | 15 | 7 | 22 |
| 2016 December | 23 | 14 | 37 |
| 2016 November | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2016 October | 31 | 6 | 37 |
| 2016 September | 26 | 7 | 33 |
| 2016 August | 15 | 6 | 21 |
| 2016 July | 8 | 2 | 10 |
| 2016 June | 0 | 9 | 9 |
| 2016 April | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 February | 2 | 15 | 17 |
| 2015 December | 9 | 0 | 9 |
| 2015 October | 3 | 17 | 20 |
| 2015 September | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2015 August | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2015 July | 20 | 5 | 25 |
| 2015 June | 22 | 6 | 28 |
| 2015 May | 38 | 23 | 61 |
| 2015 April | 30 | 19 | 49 |
| 2015 March | 36 | 19 | 55 |
| 2015 February | 20 | 10 | 30 |
| 2015 January | 23 | 11 | 34 |
| 2014 December | 32 | 12 | 44 |
| 2014 November | 13 | 12 | 25 |
| 2014 October | 21 | 10 | 31 |
| 2014 September | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| 2014 August | 21 | 15 | 36 |
| 2014 July | 24 | 33 | 57 |
| 2014 June | 34 | 11 | 45 |
| 2014 May | 28 | 17 | 45 |
| 2014 April | 24 | 15 | 39 |
| 2014 March | 43 | 27 | 70 |
| 2014 February | 39 | 11 | 50 |
| 2014 January | 47 | 16 | 63 |
| 2013 December | 32 | 11 | 43 |
| 2013 November | 21 | 11 | 32 |
| 2013 October | 38 | 22 | 60 |
| 2013 September | 32 | 16 | 48 |
| 2013 August | 45 | 22 | 67 |
| 2013 July | 34 | 16 | 50 |
| 2013 June | 30 | 18 | 48 |
| 2013 May | 26 | 16 | 42 |
| 2013 April | 26 | 24 | 50 |
| 2013 March | 25 | 23 | 48 |
| 2013 February | 32 | 21 | 53 |
| 2013 January | 23 | 17 | 40 |
| 2012 December | 32 | 21 | 53 |
| 2012 November | 12 | 26 | 38 |
| 2012 October | 9 | 20 | 29 |
| 2012 September | 8 | 5 | 13 |
| 2012 July | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2012 June | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2012 May | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2012 April | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2012 March | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2012 February | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2012 January | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2011 December | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2011 November | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2011 October | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2011 September | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2011 July | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2011 June | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2011 May | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2011 February | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2011 January | 12 | 0 | 12 |
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