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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The broad concept of patient reported outcome measures &#40;PROM&#41; includes measurements reported by those who have a disease&#46; These cover a spectrum that ranges from evaluating symptoms&#44; adherence to treatment&#44; functional capacity&#44; health status and quality of life to quality of care aspects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the mid 1970s a movement began to include the perspective of the patient as part of the necessary assessments to determine the health of people&#46; In the beginning&#44; this concern arose because of differences between administrators and those who made decisions regarding health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The medical center was supposed to be a patient center environment&#44; taking into account the family context&#46; PROM is a journey from the administrative to the true essence of clinical work&#46; It is also an ethical dimension that attempts to incorporate the patient&#39;s perspective in assessing health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Therefore&#44; at least two fundamental questions arise&#58; who can better assess the patient health and disease status and the changes they both suffer&#44; and in the end&#44; who makes decisions about the patient&#39;s health&#63;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Models of Patient Care</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are two models that have dominated health care in recent decades&#46; On the one hand&#44; the medical model&#44; which is characterized by a paternalistic behavior&#44; with the physician conceived as an expert&#44; where obtaining patient information in conjunction with biomedical knowledge will lead to a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment&#46; On the other hand&#44; the patient-centered model is presented as a dialogue between doctor and patient&#46; The main objective of this model is to take into account the patient&#39;s experience to gain a better understanding of the fears&#44; expectations&#44; thoughts&#44; beliefs and socio-cultural context in which the illness and decision-making by the patient and their families are carried out&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Listening to the patient&#39;s voice is useful to build outcome measures that integrate both models&#46; These movements are reflected in the development of outcome measures as evidence in clinical practice&#44; as well as the so-called evidence-based medicine&#46; This movement is closer to the model focused on biomedicine&#44; and a small part includes measures from the patient&#39;s perspective&#44; though with little representation has provoked fierce criticism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> There is also alternative and complementary medicine movement based on narratives&#44; which raises and gets to know the patient&#39;s perspective from a more humanistic approach and a methodology that tends more toward quality than to quantification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These positions are not without problems and limitations&#44; so several questions have been identified&#46; The skepticism regarding the clinical use of PROM has led to criticism of the value of a standardized and written measurement and led to the direct question of how to make the patients assess their health status&#46; It has objected to the comparison of the numerical scale selected by the patient to an evolution parameter &#40;pain&#44; for example&#41;&#44; and the patient&#39;s narrative&#46; The dilemma seems reasonable&#44; but PROM possibly takes the results to a level that allows for comparison between patient groups regarding the benefits and risks of medical interventions&#46; This information would be useful for the doctors&#44; both in their daily practice in the evaluation of different interventions &#40;whether routine or new&#41; and in the daily exercise of their profession&#46; The measurement does not replace or minimize the patient&#39;s narrative on their health&#59; rather what occurs is an objectification of a subjective patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is another important issue&#46; This is related to difficulties in performing these measurements in daily practice&#44; given the time constraints determined by the health system for medical care&#46; In addition&#44; the problems with the use of patient time to complete the questionnaires related to PROM that this activity entails&#46; It also involves the difficulty of filling&#44; qualifying and managing the resulting information&#46; The latter implies the need to acquaint both the clinician and the patient with the filling of the questionnaires&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the above&#44; we highlight the importance of PROM at different levels&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; including the patient in a drug PROM allows more participation by including all those affected in the clinical act&#44; that is&#44; the doctor&#44; patient and family members&#46; Medicine has probably forgotten its reason of existence&#44; the patients and their well-being&#44; focusing on objectifying clinical practice&#44; that is&#44; favoring the measurement&#44; only considering the perspective of the physician as an &#8220;expert&#8221;&#44; and ignoring the patient&#46; By involving the patient&#39;s perspective&#44; as well as the measurement&#44; we begin to be complementary&#44; also promoting a more comprehensive evaluation of the clinical event&#46; Thus&#44; the information verbalized by the patient during the clinical consultation is complemented by the standardized measurement of outcomes from the perspective of patient and physician&#46; Having these different measurements enables better decision-making by participants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There has been improvement from the level of clinical research&#44; with improved PROM measuring the impact of the disease from the perspective of the sufferer&#46; In this way it is possible to assess whether new health interventions are effective and efficient for the core of clinical care&#44; the patient&#46; This takes into account not only the evaluation by the physician&#46; This comprehensive assessment measures&#44; among other things&#44; regional and ethnic differences of the different groups involved in clinical trials&#46; Furthermore&#44; the development of the PROM must follow a combined approach&#46; That is&#44; through qualitative studies and impact assessment of the disease it should begin with methods to get the concepts&#44; ideas&#44; values and&#47;or beliefs of patients and families&#46; In a next step&#44; this information will allow the development of instruments that meet these criteria&#44; and psychometric measures allowing accurate measurement &#40;quantitative study&#41; in different populations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These aspects have been considered in guidelines for the development of measures from the perspective of the patient for drug approval authorities &#40;Food and Drug Administration&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This means that researchers from different disciplines &#40;clinical researchers&#44; statisticians and researchers in psychosocial areas&#41; can collaborate for the development of these measurements&#46; In addition to the above&#44; it has been reported that PROM assessment may be influenced by the sociocultural context of the patient&#44; the shape and location of the application of questionnaires&#44; by the familiarity of patients in answering these questionnaires and by the relationship they may have with the clinician&#8211;researcher &#40;unlike ethnic&#44; socioeconomic&#44; gender and other aspects&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;12</span></a> Nothing is free from bias &#40;measurement errors&#41;&#46; However&#44; the act of looking at different measures together would reduce biases inherent in each of them separately&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From an ethical perspective&#44; PROM offer elements to reinforce the idea of patient autonomy and beneficence by the physician through improved communication and decision making&#46; It also allows the opportunity to assess the welfare of the patient from his or her own perspective and from the doctors&#46; It also supports the idea that by identifying improvements or opportunities for improvement of care&#44; it is contributing to a better quality of care and comply with the fundamental ethical precept of &#8220;no harm&#8221;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the decision-making and health policymaking levels&#44; there are reports that indicate the efforts of governments of developed countries to have these patient derived outcome measures&#46; It is important that these publications are available for the general population&#44; as is the case of Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System &#40;PROMIS&#41; &#40;available at&#58; <a href="http://www.nihpromis.org/default.aspx">www&#46;nihpromis&#46;org&#47;default&#46;aspx</a>&#41;&#46; PROMIS is an effort by the National Institutes of Health of the United States of America&#46; It aims to provide the clinician and the researcher with measures of health outcomes and well being from the perspective of patients&#46; These measures should be valid&#44; reproducible&#44; flexible and inclusive&#46; In the UK there is NICE &#40;National Institute of Clinical Excellence&#41;&#46; It is an independent institution that has among its objectives to provide the patient&#44; health professionals and the general public a guide to the best available medical practice&#46; The guides include quantitative information&#44; which dominated its creation in 1999&#8211;but in recent years&#44; these guidelines are recommendations based on both quantitative and qualitative studies&#46; The latter aims to take into account at the same time the prospects of the patient and society&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To summarize&#44; we conclude that PROM are critical&#44; relevant&#44; and complementary in doctor&#8211;patient interaction&#46; It is also important to highlight that it is fundamental to know the information that the patient expressed in clinical practice&#46; This information is necessary for making decisions on their treatment and&#47;or on new interventions that go beyond the clinical act&#44; which implies integrating social and political decision making in relation to health&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of Interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author declares no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Editorial
Patient Reported Outcome Measures: What Is Their Importance?
Medidas de desenlace reportadas por el paciente: ¿cuál es su importancia?
Ingris Peláez-Ballestas
Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital General de México, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The broad concept of patient reported outcome measures &#40;PROM&#41; includes measurements reported by those who have a disease&#46; These cover a spectrum that ranges from evaluating symptoms&#44; adherence to treatment&#44; functional capacity&#44; health status and quality of life to quality of care aspects&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the mid 1970s a movement began to include the perspective of the patient as part of the necessary assessments to determine the health of people&#46; In the beginning&#44; this concern arose because of differences between administrators and those who made decisions regarding health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The medical center was supposed to be a patient center environment&#44; taking into account the family context&#46; PROM is a journey from the administrative to the true essence of clinical work&#46; It is also an ethical dimension that attempts to incorporate the patient&#39;s perspective in assessing health&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Therefore&#44; at least two fundamental questions arise&#58; who can better assess the patient health and disease status and the changes they both suffer&#44; and in the end&#44; who makes decisions about the patient&#39;s health&#63;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Models of Patient Care</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are two models that have dominated health care in recent decades&#46; On the one hand&#44; the medical model&#44; which is characterized by a paternalistic behavior&#44; with the physician conceived as an expert&#44; where obtaining patient information in conjunction with biomedical knowledge will lead to a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment&#46; On the other hand&#44; the patient-centered model is presented as a dialogue between doctor and patient&#46; The main objective of this model is to take into account the patient&#39;s experience to gain a better understanding of the fears&#44; expectations&#44; thoughts&#44; beliefs and socio-cultural context in which the illness and decision-making by the patient and their families are carried out&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Listening to the patient&#39;s voice is useful to build outcome measures that integrate both models&#46; These movements are reflected in the development of outcome measures as evidence in clinical practice&#44; as well as the so-called evidence-based medicine&#46; This movement is closer to the model focused on biomedicine&#44; and a small part includes measures from the patient&#39;s perspective&#44; though with little representation has provoked fierce criticism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> There is also alternative and complementary medicine movement based on narratives&#44; which raises and gets to know the patient&#39;s perspective from a more humanistic approach and a methodology that tends more toward quality than to quantification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These positions are not without problems and limitations&#44; so several questions have been identified&#46; The skepticism regarding the clinical use of PROM has led to criticism of the value of a standardized and written measurement and led to the direct question of how to make the patients assess their health status&#46; It has objected to the comparison of the numerical scale selected by the patient to an evolution parameter &#40;pain&#44; for example&#41;&#44; and the patient&#39;s narrative&#46; The dilemma seems reasonable&#44; but PROM possibly takes the results to a level that allows for comparison between patient groups regarding the benefits and risks of medical interventions&#46; This information would be useful for the doctors&#44; both in their daily practice in the evaluation of different interventions &#40;whether routine or new&#41; and in the daily exercise of their profession&#46; The measurement does not replace or minimize the patient&#39;s narrative on their health&#59; rather what occurs is an objectification of a subjective patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is another important issue&#46; This is related to difficulties in performing these measurements in daily practice&#44; given the time constraints determined by the health system for medical care&#46; In addition&#44; the problems with the use of patient time to complete the questionnaires related to PROM that this activity entails&#46; It also involves the difficulty of filling&#44; qualifying and managing the resulting information&#46; The latter implies the need to acquaint both the clinician and the patient with the filling of the questionnaires&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the above&#44; we highlight the importance of PROM at different levels&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinically&#44; including the patient in a drug PROM allows more participation by including all those affected in the clinical act&#44; that is&#44; the doctor&#44; patient and family members&#46; Medicine has probably forgotten its reason of existence&#44; the patients and their well-being&#44; focusing on objectifying clinical practice&#44; that is&#44; favoring the measurement&#44; only considering the perspective of the physician as an &#8220;expert&#8221;&#44; and ignoring the patient&#46; By involving the patient&#39;s perspective&#44; as well as the measurement&#44; we begin to be complementary&#44; also promoting a more comprehensive evaluation of the clinical event&#46; Thus&#44; the information verbalized by the patient during the clinical consultation is complemented by the standardized measurement of outcomes from the perspective of patient and physician&#46; Having these different measurements enables better decision-making by participants&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There has been improvement from the level of clinical research&#44; with improved PROM measuring the impact of the disease from the perspective of the sufferer&#46; In this way it is possible to assess whether new health interventions are effective and efficient for the core of clinical care&#44; the patient&#46; This takes into account not only the evaluation by the physician&#46; This comprehensive assessment measures&#44; among other things&#44; regional and ethnic differences of the different groups involved in clinical trials&#46; Furthermore&#44; the development of the PROM must follow a combined approach&#46; That is&#44; through qualitative studies and impact assessment of the disease it should begin with methods to get the concepts&#44; ideas&#44; values and&#47;or beliefs of patients and families&#46; In a next step&#44; this information will allow the development of instruments that meet these criteria&#44; and psychometric measures allowing accurate measurement &#40;quantitative study&#41; in different populations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These aspects have been considered in guidelines for the development of measures from the perspective of the patient for drug approval authorities &#40;Food and Drug Administration&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This means that researchers from different disciplines &#40;clinical researchers&#44; statisticians and researchers in psychosocial areas&#41; can collaborate for the development of these measurements&#46; In addition to the above&#44; it has been reported that PROM assessment may be influenced by the sociocultural context of the patient&#44; the shape and location of the application of questionnaires&#44; by the familiarity of patients in answering these questionnaires and by the relationship they may have with the clinician&#8211;researcher &#40;unlike ethnic&#44; socioeconomic&#44; gender and other aspects&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;12</span></a> Nothing is free from bias &#40;measurement errors&#41;&#46; However&#44; the act of looking at different measures together would reduce biases inherent in each of them separately&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From an ethical perspective&#44; PROM offer elements to reinforce the idea of patient autonomy and beneficence by the physician through improved communication and decision making&#46; It also allows the opportunity to assess the welfare of the patient from his or her own perspective and from the doctors&#46; It also supports the idea that by identifying improvements or opportunities for improvement of care&#44; it is contributing to a better quality of care and comply with the fundamental ethical precept of &#8220;no harm&#8221;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the decision-making and health policymaking levels&#44; there are reports that indicate the efforts of governments of developed countries to have these patient derived outcome measures&#46; It is important that these publications are available for the general population&#44; as is the case of Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System &#40;PROMIS&#41; &#40;available at&#58; <a href="http://www.nihpromis.org/default.aspx">www&#46;nihpromis&#46;org&#47;default&#46;aspx</a>&#41;&#46; PROMIS is an effort by the National Institutes of Health of the United States of America&#46; It aims to provide the clinician and the researcher with measures of health outcomes and well being from the perspective of patients&#46; These measures should be valid&#44; reproducible&#44; flexible and inclusive&#46; In the UK there is NICE &#40;National Institute of Clinical Excellence&#41;&#46; It is an independent institution that has among its objectives to provide the patient&#44; health professionals and the general public a guide to the best available medical practice&#46; The guides include quantitative information&#44; which dominated its creation in 1999&#8211;but in recent years&#44; these guidelines are recommendations based on both quantitative and qualitative studies&#46; The latter aims to take into account at the same time the prospects of the patient and society&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To summarize&#44; we conclude that PROM are critical&#44; relevant&#44; and complementary in doctor&#8211;patient interaction&#46; It is also important to highlight that it is fundamental to know the information that the patient expressed in clinical practice&#46; This information is necessary for making decisions on their treatment and&#47;or on new interventions that go beyond the clinical act&#44; which implies integrating social and political decision making in relation to health&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of Interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The author declares no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Idiomas
Reumatología Clínica (English Edition)
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