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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Takayasu&#39;s arteritis is a large vessel vasculitis that mainly affects the aorta&#44; its major branches and the pulmonary arteries&#46; It may present segmental stenosis&#44; occlusion&#44; dilatation or aneurysm formation during the course of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> An incidence of 2&#46;6&#47;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 cases per year in North America is estimated&#44; however&#44; no information is available on the incidence of TA in the pediatric age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All major arteries can be affected&#44; but the vessels most commonly involved are the aorta&#44; subclavian and carotid &#40;60&#37;&#8211;90&#37;&#41;&#46; It presents various signs and symptoms such as malaise&#44; joint pain&#44; claudication&#44; lightheadedness&#44; heart murmurs&#44; absent or diminished pulses and loss of blood pressure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Clinical Observation</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient had been hospitalized at birth for suspected trisomy 21&#44; symptomatic hypoglycemia&#44; apnea&#44; intrauterine pneumonia and septic shock&#46; During the hospital stay&#44; a diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus &#40;PDA&#41; was performed&#44; accompanied by hemodynamic consequences and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacter cloacae</span> bacteremia&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While performing the first echodopplercardiogram&#44; a dilated descending aorta was observed&#44; corroborated by a postsurgical repair of the PDA echocardiography&#44; with an aneurysm of the aortic arch distal to the subclavian artery and the presence of thrombus 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm at the mouth of superior vena cava&#59; an angiotomography demonstrated an aortic aneurism&#44; a probable aortic coarctation&#44; plus an abdominal aortic aneurysm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; At diagnosis&#44; the patient had a normal platelet and white blood cell count&#44; anemia&#44; hypocomplementemia at the expense of C3&#44; increased factor <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">VIII</span> and positive PCR&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When approaching the diagnosis&#44; an infectious etiology which may predispose to the inflammatory condition that causes vasculitis is sought&#59; we determined anti-rubella&#44; toxoplasma&#44; CMV&#44; Herpes type 1 and 2 antibodies&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatus</span> IgE&#44; IgA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>&#44; IgG and IgM&#44; Anti Epstein&#8211;Barr virus capsid antigen IgG and IgM&#44; Hepatitis B&#44; Hepatitis C and HIV&#44; all of which were negative&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Management began with immunoglobulin 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;kg&#47;d and prednisone 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day plus anticoagulation with enoxaparin and warfarin for maintenance at 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day due to the presence of thrombus in the aforementioned lesion&#44; as well as due to prothrombotic factors and a high cardiovascular risk&#59; no treatment with cyclophosphamide was initiated because of the patient&#39;s age and the infection at the time of diagnosis&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We do not know how the patient evolved as the patient was transferred to another hospital for administrative reasons&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TA represents 1&#46;5&#37; of vasculitis in childhood&#59; 2&#37; of cases are diagnosed before 10 years of age&#46; The course is variable&#44; depending on the degree of activity&#44; time of diagnosis&#44; presentation and associated symptoms and the effect on other organs&#46; It may have multiple relapses despite treatment&#46; The inflammatory process causes thrombosis in the affected arteries&#44; gradual emergence of stenosis&#44; dilation and aneurysms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When control echocardiograms were performed for the underlying cardiac disease&#44; aortic dilatation was noted&#44; being more evident in the 3rd week of life&#59; because of this finding&#44; we opted to confirm it through a CT angiography &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The criteria for classification of AT were established by the American College of Rheumatology &#40;ACR&#41; in 1990&#44; having over 90&#37; sensitivity and specificity&#46; The lack of a control group with atherosclerotic aortic or congenital disease may limit its usefulness&#44; especially in the pediatric age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient presented decreased distal pulses&#44; predominantly in the left lower limb&#44; with a difference greater than 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg in the BP on the 4 limbs and angiographic changes in the aorta&#46; The diagnosis of Takayasu&#39;s arteritis is integrated&#44; according to the ACR&#44; when 4 criteria are present&#44; representing a sensitivity of 90&#46;5&#37; and specificity of 97&#46;8&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> According to the radiological classification proposed in 1994 by the ACR the patient had thoracic and abdominal artery lesions&#44; type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span> according to the classification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> According to the criteria for vasculitis in childhood proposed in 2005 by Ozen et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> which include angiographic changes &#40;CT or conventional MRI&#41; of the aorta or its major branches as a major criterion&#44; and at least one of the following criteria&#58; diminished peripheral arterial pulses and&#47;or limb claudication&#44; difference in BP&#62;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; dilation of aorta or its major branches and hypertension&#44; with one major criterion and 3 minor ones making the diagnosis according with this classification&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusions</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While TA is not a common disease in the pediatric age&#44; it should be taken into account in patients with diminished pulses&#44; regardless of their status&#46; Although in TA there is no direct relationship with the ongoing infectious process&#44; the inflammatory pattern may predispose the patient&#44; and the previously described histopathological finding of inflammation composed of plasma cells&#44; lymphocytes and eosinophils in early stages of the disease has been identified&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Early diagnosis of this vasculitis&#44; and the early onset of immunosuppressive therapy is critical to avoid complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The creation of criteria including pediatric and neonatal populations should be considered&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Ethical Responsibilities</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Protection of people and animals</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare this research did not perform experiments on humans or animals&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Data confidentiality</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their workplace regarding the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the informed consent of patients and&#47;or subjects referred to in the article&#46; This document is in the possession of the corresponding author&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conflict of Interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case report
Takayasu's Arteritis in the Newborn: A Diagnosis to Suspect
Arteritis de Takayasu en el recién nacido, un diagnóstico que sospechar
Gabriel Vega-Cornejo
Corresponding author
gvc81@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Jigal Meza-Beltrán
Servicio de Reumatología Pediátrica, Hospital General de Occidente, Guadalajara, Mexico
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but the vessels most commonly involved are the aorta&#44; subclavian and carotid &#40;60&#37;&#8211;90&#37;&#41;&#46; It presents various signs and symptoms such as malaise&#44; joint pain&#44; claudication&#44; lightheadedness&#44; heart murmurs&#44; absent or diminished pulses and loss of blood pressure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Clinical Observation</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient had been hospitalized at birth for suspected trisomy 21&#44; symptomatic hypoglycemia&#44; apnea&#44; intrauterine pneumonia and septic shock&#46; During the hospital stay&#44; a diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus &#40;PDA&#41; was performed&#44; accompanied by hemodynamic consequences and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacter cloacae</span> bacteremia&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While performing the first echodopplercardiogram&#44; a dilated descending aorta was observed&#44; corroborated by a postsurgical repair of the PDA echocardiography&#44; with an aneurysm of the aortic arch distal to the subclavian artery and the presence of thrombus 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm at the mouth of superior vena cava&#59; an angiotomography demonstrated an aortic aneurism&#44; a probable aortic coarctation&#44; plus an abdominal aortic aneurysm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; At diagnosis&#44; the patient had a normal platelet and white blood cell count&#44; anemia&#44; hypocomplementemia at the expense of C3&#44; increased factor <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">VIII</span> and positive PCR&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When approaching the diagnosis&#44; an infectious etiology which may predispose to the inflammatory condition that causes vasculitis is sought&#59; we determined anti-rubella&#44; toxoplasma&#44; CMV&#44; Herpes type 1 and 2 antibodies&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aspergillus fumigatus</span> IgE&#44; IgA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>&#44; IgG and IgM&#44; Anti Epstein&#8211;Barr virus capsid antigen IgG and IgM&#44; Hepatitis B&#44; Hepatitis C and HIV&#44; all of which were negative&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Management began with immunoglobulin 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;kg&#47;d and prednisone 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day plus anticoagulation with enoxaparin and warfarin for maintenance at 0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;day due to the presence of thrombus in the aforementioned lesion&#44; as well as due to prothrombotic factors and a high cardiovascular risk&#59; no treatment with cyclophosphamide was initiated because of the patient&#39;s age and the infection at the time of diagnosis&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We do not know how the patient evolved as the patient was transferred to another hospital for administrative reasons&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TA represents 1&#46;5&#37; of vasculitis in childhood&#59; 2&#37; of cases are diagnosed before 10 years of age&#46; The course is variable&#44; depending on the degree of activity&#44; time of diagnosis&#44; presentation and associated symptoms and the effect on other organs&#46; It may have multiple relapses despite treatment&#46; The inflammatory process causes thrombosis in the affected arteries&#44; gradual emergence of stenosis&#44; dilation and aneurysms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When control echocardiograms were performed for the underlying cardiac disease&#44; aortic dilatation was noted&#44; being more evident in the 3rd week of life&#59; because of this finding&#44; we opted to confirm it through a CT angiography &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The criteria for classification of AT were established by the American College of Rheumatology &#40;ACR&#41; in 1990&#44; having over 90&#37; sensitivity and specificity&#46; The lack of a control group with atherosclerotic aortic or congenital disease may limit its usefulness&#44; especially in the pediatric age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient presented decreased distal pulses&#44; predominantly in the left lower limb&#44; with a difference greater than 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg in the BP on the 4 limbs and angiographic changes in the aorta&#46; The diagnosis of Takayasu&#39;s arteritis is integrated&#44; according to the ACR&#44; when 4 criteria are present&#44; representing a sensitivity of 90&#46;5&#37; and specificity of 97&#46;8&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> According to the radiological classification proposed in 1994 by the ACR the patient had thoracic and abdominal artery lesions&#44; type <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">III</span> according to the classification&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> According to the criteria for vasculitis in childhood proposed in 2005 by Ozen et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> which include angiographic changes &#40;CT or conventional MRI&#41; of the aorta or its major branches as a major criterion&#44; and at least one of the following criteria&#58; diminished peripheral arterial pulses and&#47;or limb claudication&#44; difference in BP&#62;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg&#44; dilation of aorta or its major branches and hypertension&#44; with one major criterion and 3 minor ones making the diagnosis according with this classification&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusions</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While TA is not a common disease in the pediatric age&#44; it should be taken into account in patients with diminished pulses&#44; regardless of their status&#46; Although in TA there is no direct relationship with the ongoing infectious process&#44; the inflammatory pattern may predispose the patient&#44; and the previously described histopathological finding of inflammation composed of plasma cells&#44; lymphocytes and eosinophils in early stages of the disease has been identified&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Early diagnosis of this vasculitis&#44; and the early onset of immunosuppressive therapy is critical to avoid complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The creation of criteria including pediatric and neonatal populations should be considered&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Ethical Responsibilities</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Protection of people and animals</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare this research did not perform experiments on humans or animals&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Data confidentiality</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their workplace regarding the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the informed consent of patients and&#47;or subjects referred to in the article&#46; This document is in the possession of the corresponding author&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conflict of Interest</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La arteritis de Takayasu es una vasculitis de grandes vasos&#44; afecta principalmente a la aorta&#44; a sus ramas principales&#44; incluyendo las arterias renales&#44; coronarias y pulmonares&#46; Se reporta un caso de reci&#233;n nacido hospitalizado desde su nacimiento por proceso s&#233;ptico&#44; en el cual se encuentran aneurismas a nivel de aorta descendente y abdominal&#46; El paciente cursa con disminuci&#243;n de pulsos distales&#44; predominio en extremidad inferior izquierda&#44; discrepancia mayor a 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg en toma de TA en 4 extremidades&#44; as&#237; como cambios angiogr&#225;ficos en aorta integr&#225;ndose el diagn&#243;stico de arteritis de Takayasu&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Vega-Cornejo G&#44; Meza-Beltr&#225;n J&#46; Arteritis de Takayasu en el reci&#233;n nacido&#44; un diagn&#243;stico que sospechar&#46; Reumatol Clin&#46; 2015&#59;11&#58;174&#8211;176&#46;</p>"
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ISSN: 21735743
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