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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Coccydynia is relatively frequent in clinics dealing with the musculoskeletal system&#46; This complaint is formed mainly by women of 20 to 50 years&#46; In clinical terms&#44; it is characterized by a sharp pain when a person who is sitting stands up&#46; Physical examination usually comes across a point of selective pain in response to pressure on the tailbone&#46; The most common cause is trauma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case Report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 34-year-old woman who was referred to rheumatology for the study of coccydynia that had begun 3 months before&#46; She mentioned pain upon sitting down and with certain postures&#46; She reported no previous trauma&#59; she works in an office&#46; In the examination&#44; there was discreet discomfort in response to pressure on the tailbone&#46; We recommended that she avoid sitting on hard seats and the use of an inflatable rubber ring for at least 2 months&#46; As the symptoms persisted&#44; she was referred to the rehabilitation unit&#44; where she underwent up to 6 local injections with poor results&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient became a user of the Nuvaring<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; a flexible contraceptive vaginal ring &#40;ethynyl estradiol 0&#46;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; etonogestrel 0&#46;015<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&#44; 2 months before the onset of her pain&#46; She mentioned feeling better when the ring was removed during menstruation and that the pain returned when it was put in again&#46; Thus&#44; her gynecologist ultimately decided against that contraceptive system&#46; Once the device was removed&#44; the patient noted a rapid relief in the coccydynia&#46; Six months later&#44; she came to the rheumatology department and reported no recurrence of the pain in her tailbone&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We should know our bone&#44; nerve and muscle anatomy&#44; as each element can be the source of coccygeal pain&#46; Certain anatomic factors of the coccyx and the formation of bone spicules have been related to a greater predisposition to pain&#46; A very frequent cause of coccydynia is an unstable coccyx due to hypermobility&#44; and it can even become dislocated&#46; Muscle spasms or contractures of the pelvic floor muscles can provoke myofascial pain&#46; In these cases&#44; it is possible to identify points or bands as tense zones that correspond to the contracted fibers&#46; Pudendal nerve neuropathy is presented as a perineal and&#47;or pelvic neuropathy pain&#44; which can accompany urinary&#44; anal and even sexual dysfunction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> One little known aspect is the fact that the sacral sympathetic chain ganglia converge at the sacral level into a single ganglion&#44; the so-called ganglion impar or &#40;ganglion of Walther&#41;&#44; which is located in front of the sacrococcygeal symphysis&#44; between the sacrum and the posterior wall of the rectum&#44; and contributes to the innervation of pelvic and genital organs&#44; as well as those of the perianal region&#46; The irritation of this ganglion may also be the cause of the sacrococcygeal dysfunctional pain&#46; The differential diagnosis should include infections and tumors of the perianal region or pelvic inflammatory disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Cases related to calcifications&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> glomus tumor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> or hemangiomas have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus&#44; coccydynia can have many causes and&#44; therefore&#44; what is needed is an etiological study to deal with the most appropriate therapy&#46; In our patient&#44; the ancillary tests requested were a radiography and abdominal ultrasound&#44; with normal results&#46; The pain had a clear relationship to the presence of the contraceptive vaginal ring&#44; appearing when the latter was used and remitting on a couple of occasions when the device was removed&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A causal hypothesis is that the pain affects the coccyx&#46; It has been reported in pelvic diseases&#44; transmitted via the hypogastric plexus&#46; The inferior third of the vagina is the only region with somatic innervation&#46; The remainder of the vagina is insensitive to touch&#44; and receives innervation from the uterovaginal plexus&#44; which originates in the inferior hypogastric plexus&#44; and is the region where the contraceptive ring should be placed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another possibility could be the indirect irritation of the ganglion impar&#59; this ganglion is classically identified as the cause of the sympathetic afferent of the pelvic organs&#44; including the region that is distal from the vagina&#59; however&#44; some authors associate it with nociceptive pathways&#44; although this concept has not remained clear&#46; The compression of this ganglion has been reported in patients with anterior dislocation of the coccyx&#46; It could be irritated by the vaginal ring&#44; if we take into account the proximity of the vaginal fornix to the rectum and the fact that this ganglion has a variable size and location&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In clinical practice&#44; digital rectal examination is not usual&#44; but it is clearly a maneuver indicated for a more complete study&#46; This is the first report of a case of coccydynia related to a contraceptive vaginal ring&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Case Report
Coccydynia Related to the Use of a Contraceptive Vaginal Ring
Coccigodinia relacionada con uso de anillo vaginal anticonceptivo
Patricia Tejón
Corresponding author
patriciatejon@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Miguel Angel Belmonte, Juan José Lerma, Antonio Lozano
Sección de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario General de Castellón, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain
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    "titulo" => "Coccydynia Related to the Use of a Contraceptive Vaginal Ring"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Coccydynia is relatively frequent in clinics dealing with the musculoskeletal system&#46; This complaint is formed mainly by women of 20 to 50 years&#46; In clinical terms&#44; it is characterized by a sharp pain when a person who is sitting stands up&#46; Physical examination usually comes across a point of selective pain in response to pressure on the tailbone&#46; The most common cause is trauma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Case Report</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was a 34-year-old woman who was referred to rheumatology for the study of coccydynia that had begun 3 months before&#46; She mentioned pain upon sitting down and with certain postures&#46; She reported no previous trauma&#59; she works in an office&#46; In the examination&#44; there was discreet discomfort in response to pressure on the tailbone&#46; We recommended that she avoid sitting on hard seats and the use of an inflatable rubber ring for at least 2 months&#46; As the symptoms persisted&#44; she was referred to the rehabilitation unit&#44; where she underwent up to 6 local injections with poor results&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient became a user of the Nuvaring<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#44; a flexible contraceptive vaginal ring &#40;ethynyl estradiol 0&#46;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; etonogestrel 0&#46;015<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#41;&#44; 2 months before the onset of her pain&#46; She mentioned feeling better when the ring was removed during menstruation and that the pain returned when it was put in again&#46; Thus&#44; her gynecologist ultimately decided against that contraceptive system&#46; Once the device was removed&#44; the patient noted a rapid relief in the coccydynia&#46; Six months later&#44; she came to the rheumatology department and reported no recurrence of the pain in her tailbone&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We should know our bone&#44; nerve and muscle anatomy&#44; as each element can be the source of coccygeal pain&#46; Certain anatomic factors of the coccyx and the formation of bone spicules have been related to a greater predisposition to pain&#46; A very frequent cause of coccydynia is an unstable coccyx due to hypermobility&#44; and it can even become dislocated&#46; Muscle spasms or contractures of the pelvic floor muscles can provoke myofascial pain&#46; In these cases&#44; it is possible to identify points or bands as tense zones that correspond to the contracted fibers&#46; Pudendal nerve neuropathy is presented as a perineal and&#47;or pelvic neuropathy pain&#44; which can accompany urinary&#44; anal and even sexual dysfunction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> One little known aspect is the fact that the sacral sympathetic chain ganglia converge at the sacral level into a single ganglion&#44; the so-called ganglion impar or &#40;ganglion of Walther&#41;&#44; which is located in front of the sacrococcygeal symphysis&#44; between the sacrum and the posterior wall of the rectum&#44; and contributes to the innervation of pelvic and genital organs&#44; as well as those of the perianal region&#46; The irritation of this ganglion may also be the cause of the sacrococcygeal dysfunctional pain&#46; The differential diagnosis should include infections and tumors of the perianal region or pelvic inflammatory disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Cases related to calcifications&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> glomus tumor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> or hemangiomas have been reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus&#44; coccydynia can have many causes and&#44; therefore&#44; what is needed is an etiological study to deal with the most appropriate therapy&#46; In our patient&#44; the ancillary tests requested were a radiography and abdominal ultrasound&#44; with normal results&#46; The pain had a clear relationship to the presence of the contraceptive vaginal ring&#44; appearing when the latter was used and remitting on a couple of occasions when the device was removed&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A causal hypothesis is that the pain affects the coccyx&#46; It has been reported in pelvic diseases&#44; transmitted via the hypogastric plexus&#46; The inferior third of the vagina is the only region with somatic innervation&#46; The remainder of the vagina is insensitive to touch&#44; and receives innervation from the uterovaginal plexus&#44; which originates in the inferior hypogastric plexus&#44; and is the region where the contraceptive ring should be placed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another possibility could be the indirect irritation of the ganglion impar&#59; this ganglion is classically identified as the cause of the sympathetic afferent of the pelvic organs&#44; including the region that is distal from the vagina&#59; however&#44; some authors associate it with nociceptive pathways&#44; although this concept has not remained clear&#46; The compression of this ganglion has been reported in patients with anterior dislocation of the coccyx&#46; It could be irritated by the vaginal ring&#44; if we take into account the proximity of the vaginal fornix to the rectum and the fact that this ganglion has a variable size and location&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In clinical practice&#44; digital rectal examination is not usual&#44; but it is clearly a maneuver indicated for a more complete study&#46; This is the first report of a case of coccydynia related to a contraceptive vaginal ring&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Coccydynia is a syndrome that rheumatologists encounter frequently in the form of tailbone pain&#44; which is usually worse when sitting&#46; Although the most common origin is trauma&#44; there are several other possible causes of pain in the coccyx&#46; We present an unusual case in which coccydynia developed shortly after the insertion of a contraceptive vaginal ring and remitted completely upon removal of this system&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La coccigodinia es un s&#237;ndrome que se presenta con frecuencia en las consultas de Reumatolog&#237;a en forma de dolor en punta terminal del coxis&#44; empeorando habitualmente al sentarse&#46; Aunque la causa m&#225;s frecuente es la postraum&#225;tica local&#44; existen diversas causas de dolor en el coxis&#46; Presentamos un caso inhabitual en el que la coccigodinia comenz&#243; poco despu&#233;s de instaurar un sistema de anticoncepci&#243;n por anillo vaginal y remiti&#243; completamente al retirar este sistema&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 21735743
Original language: English
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Idiomas
Reumatología Clínica (English Edition)
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