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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bisphosphonates &#40;BPP&#41; are a group of synthetic analogous drugs of inorganic pyrophosphate used intravenously in the treatment of different oncological processes and in solid tumour bone metastasis &#40;breast&#44; prostate and lung&#41;&#44; which do not increase survival but have been demonstrated to raise quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However&#44; they present the serious side effect of inducing osteonecrosis of the jaw &#40;ONJ&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a Caucasian woman aged 65 with no toxic substance &#40;tobacco&#41; habits or medical history of interest &#40;diabetes&#44; chronic intake of corticoids&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; but with the added risk factor of impaired dental status &#40;many root remnants&#41; and active periodontal disease&#46; She was diagnosed in 2013 with stage IV advanced breast cancer &#40;CT4N2bMx&#41; which required surgical intervention &#40;tumorectormy and axillary node dissection&#41;&#44; and treatment was completed with radiotherapy &#40;RT&#41; and polychemotherapy&#46; After successive controls&#44; in 2014 a bone scan detected metastatic foci on the right ala of the sacrum and the spine&#44; with severe pain&#46; Treatment was initiated with intravenous BPP &#40;zoledronic Acid&#44; Zometa&#174; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;3 weeks&#41;&#46; The patient was treated in our unit in 2015 because she spontaneously presented with a right submandibular abscess &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; which was initially drained under local anaesthesia&#44; obtaining 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of purulent&#44; cheese-like material&#44; which tested positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces israelii</span>&#46; She was subsequently admitted to hospital for examination and treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics for the condition and for pain management&#46; Although the intraoral examination did not reveal any findings of interest&#44; the CAT scan showed the existence of a wide area of osteonecrosis in the right half of the jaw region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; After medical treatment for one week &#40;amoxicillin 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and daily mouthwashes every 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h with chlorhexidine 2&#37; solution&#41;&#44; the patient underwent surgery with a general anaesthesia&#44; with extensive curettage of the wound&#46; Highly favourable medical evolution proceeded until her death in 2017 from the baseline neoplastic process&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BPP-induced ONJ has been widely covered in the scientific literature&#44; but despite the fact there are numerous publications which attempt to explain its aetiopathology&#44; is aetiopathogenic mechanism has not yet been fully defined&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> At present there are 4 stages to classify ONJ&#44; according to the regulations established by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons&#44; with the presented case corresponding to the most advanced stage &#40;stage 3&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In the case presented zoledronate &#40;Zometa&#174;&#41; is considered to be the most powerful BPP&#44; 100 times superior to pamidronate&#44; having demonstrated with its use that the appearance of ONJ is higher and earlier than that of other BPP&#44; with intravenous administration of them being the main factor of risk for the appearance of ONJ&#46; The most normal form of presentation of ONJ is progressive&#44; both clinically and radiographically and the presented case is therefore exceptional although several authors such as Kaehling et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and Soda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> have communicated different case of thromboembolism of the internal jugular vein and subsequent sepsis in the first case and retropharyngeal abscess in the second&#44; as the form of presentation of the ONJ&#46; The explanation lies in super infection of the bone by different pathogenic agents&#44; with the main one being <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; israelii</span>&#44; and in the action of the BPP on the adjacent soft tissues&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude&#44; the possibility of developing an ONJ has to always be contemplated in patients at risk &#40;oncological patients who have previously been treated with RT&#41;&#44; despite its unusual presentation in the form of an abscess&#44; the appearance of it is a relevant data in clinical suspicion of ONJ&#44; requiring personalized treatment&#44; depending on the clinical and radiographic findings of the patient&#46;</p></span>"
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Letter to the Editor
Cervical abscess as an exceptional presentation of advance bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: Case report and review of the literature
Absceso cervical como forma de presentación excepcional de osteonecrosis mandibular avanzada inducida por bisfosfonatos. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura
José Darío Sánchez Lópeza,
Corresponding author
, Paolo Cariatia, Ismael Rodríguezb, Sebastián Carriel Arayac
a Servicio de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
b Departamento de Cirugía Oral, Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
c Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina de Granada, Granada, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bisphosphonates &#40;BPP&#41; are a group of synthetic analogous drugs of inorganic pyrophosphate used intravenously in the treatment of different oncological processes and in solid tumour bone metastasis &#40;breast&#44; prostate and lung&#41;&#44; which do not increase survival but have been demonstrated to raise quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However&#44; they present the serious side effect of inducing osteonecrosis of the jaw &#40;ONJ&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a Caucasian woman aged 65 with no toxic substance &#40;tobacco&#41; habits or medical history of interest &#40;diabetes&#44; chronic intake of corticoids&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; but with the added risk factor of impaired dental status &#40;many root remnants&#41; and active periodontal disease&#46; She was diagnosed in 2013 with stage IV advanced breast cancer &#40;CT4N2bMx&#41; which required surgical intervention &#40;tumorectormy and axillary node dissection&#41;&#44; and treatment was completed with radiotherapy &#40;RT&#41; and polychemotherapy&#46; After successive controls&#44; in 2014 a bone scan detected metastatic foci on the right ala of the sacrum and the spine&#44; with severe pain&#46; Treatment was initiated with intravenous BPP &#40;zoledronic Acid&#44; Zometa&#174; 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;3 weeks&#41;&#46; The patient was treated in our unit in 2015 because she spontaneously presented with a right submandibular abscess &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; which was initially drained under local anaesthesia&#44; obtaining 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of purulent&#44; cheese-like material&#44; which tested positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actinomyces israelii</span>&#46; She was subsequently admitted to hospital for examination and treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics for the condition and for pain management&#46; Although the intraoral examination did not reveal any findings of interest&#44; the CAT scan showed the existence of a wide area of osteonecrosis in the right half of the jaw region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; After medical treatment for one week &#40;amoxicillin 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and daily mouthwashes every 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h with chlorhexidine 2&#37; solution&#41;&#44; the patient underwent surgery with a general anaesthesia&#44; with extensive curettage of the wound&#46; Highly favourable medical evolution proceeded until her death in 2017 from the baseline neoplastic process&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">BPP-induced ONJ has been widely covered in the scientific literature&#44; but despite the fact there are numerous publications which attempt to explain its aetiopathology&#44; is aetiopathogenic mechanism has not yet been fully defined&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> At present there are 4 stages to classify ONJ&#44; according to the regulations established by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons&#44; with the presented case corresponding to the most advanced stage &#40;stage 3&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> In the case presented zoledronate &#40;Zometa&#174;&#41; is considered to be the most powerful BPP&#44; 100 times superior to pamidronate&#44; having demonstrated with its use that the appearance of ONJ is higher and earlier than that of other BPP&#44; with intravenous administration of them being the main factor of risk for the appearance of ONJ&#46; The most normal form of presentation of ONJ is progressive&#44; both clinically and radiographically and the presented case is therefore exceptional although several authors such as Kaehling et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and Soda et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> have communicated different case of thromboembolism of the internal jugular vein and subsequent sepsis in the first case and retropharyngeal abscess in the second&#44; as the form of presentation of the ONJ&#46; The explanation lies in super infection of the bone by different pathogenic agents&#44; with the main one being <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A&#46; israelii</span>&#44; and in the action of the BPP on the adjacent soft tissues&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude&#44; the possibility of developing an ONJ has to always be contemplated in patients at risk &#40;oncological patients who have previously been treated with RT&#41;&#44; despite its unusual presentation in the form of an abscess&#44; the appearance of it is a relevant data in clinical suspicion of ONJ&#44; requiring personalized treatment&#44; depending on the clinical and radiographic findings of the patient&#46;</p></span>"
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