Special Article
Development of an application for mobile phones (App) based on the collaboration between the Spanish Society of Rheumatology and Spanish Society of Family Medicine for the referral of systemic autoimmune diseases from primary care to rheumatology
Desarrollo de una aplicación para teléfonos móviles (app) basada en la colaboración Sociedad Española de Reumatología/Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria para derivación de enfermedades autoinmunes sistémicas
Ana Urruticoechea-Aranaa,
, Fernando León-Vázquezb, Vicente Giner-Ruizc, José Luis Andréu-Sánchezd, Alejandro Olivé-Marquése, Mercedes Freire-Gonzálezf, José María Pego-Reigosag, Santiago Muñoz-Fernándezh, José A. Román-Ivorrai, Juan José Alegre-Sanchoj, Francisco Vargas-Negrínk, María Medina-Abellánl, Tatiana Cobo-Ibáñezh, Xavier Mas-Garrigam, Jaime Calvo-Alénn, Carmen Costa-Ribaso, Ricardo Blanco-Velap, Álvaro Pérez-Martínq, Emma Beltrán-Catalánr, Jordi Forcada-Gisberts..., María Victoria Hernández-Miguelt, Juan Carlos Hermosa-Hernánu, Javier Narváez-Garcíav, Enrique Nieto-Polw, Íñigo Rúa-FigueroaxVer más
Corresponding author
a Miembro de la SER, Hospital Can Misses, Ibiza, Spain
b Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud San Juan de la Cruz, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
c Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Ciudad Jardín, Alicante, Spain
d Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
e Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
f Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitario de A Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
g Miembro de la SER, Hospital Meixoeiro de Vigo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain
h Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Universidad Europea de Madrid, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Madrid, Spain
i Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
j Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitari Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
k Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Doctor Guigou, Tenerife, Spain
l Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
m Miembro de la SEMFYC, EAP Santa Eulàlia Sud, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
n Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitario Araba, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
o Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Vila, Ibiza, Spain
p Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
q Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Centro, Santander, Spain
r Miembro de la SER, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
s Miembro de la SEMFYC, ABS 4 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
t Miembro de la SER, Hospital Clínico y Provincial. Barcelona, Spain
u Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Ciudades, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
v Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
w Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Concepción Arenal, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
x Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitario Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Hospital Universitari Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "j" "identificador" => "aff0050" ] 10 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Doctor Guigou, Tenerife, Spain" "etiqueta" => "k" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] 11 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Espinardo, Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "l" "identificador" => "aff0060" ] 12 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SEMFYC, EAP Santa Eulàlia Sud, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "m" "identificador" => "aff0065" ] 13 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitario Araba, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain" "etiqueta" => "n" "identificador" => "aff0070" ] 14 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Vila, Ibiza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "o" "identificador" => "aff0075" ] 15 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain" "etiqueta" => "p" "identificador" => "aff0080" ] 16 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Centro, Santander, Spain" "etiqueta" => "q" "identificador" => "aff0085" ] 17 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SER, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "r" "identificador" => "aff0090" ] 18 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SEMFYC, ABS 4 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "s" "identificador" => "aff0095" ] 19 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SER, Hospital Clínico y Provincial. Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "t" "identificador" => "aff0100" ] 20 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Ciudades, Getafe, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "u" "identificador" => "aff0105" ] 21 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "v" "identificador" => "aff0110" ] 22 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SEMFYC, Centro de Salud Concepción Arenal, Santiago de Compostela, Spain" "etiqueta" => "w" "identificador" => "aff0115" ] 23 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Miembro de la SER, Hospital Universitario Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain" "etiqueta" => "x" "identificador" => "aff0120" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Desarrollo de una aplicación para teléfonos móviles (app) basada en la colaboración Sociedad Española de Reumatología/Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria para derivación de enfermedades autoinmunes sistémicas" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2360 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 221040 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cover of the app.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis and treatment of systemic autoimmune diseases (SAD) is a challenge facing any physician in their clinical practice. The combination of non-specificity of its initial signs, the overlapping of symptoms, its complex multi-systemic involvement and its low frequency all impede identification. Approach requires specific training, experience and constant updating of knowledge. If not, the patient is subjected to a barrage of different hospital and emergency services until they happen upon its diagnosis, with the subsequent delay in benefitting from treatment. These diseases are complicated for specialists in rheumatology let alone for specialists in family and community medicine where they present a massive challenge.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although each of these diseases alone is considered uncommon, when assessed together they are not exceptional and some of them, such as systemic erythematosus lupus, primary Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatic polymyalgia present incidence rates which position them as far from being classed as “rare diseases”. SADs affect hundreds of thousands of patients in Spain, resulting in a general practitioner (GP) possibly facing several cases during their practice. Furthermore, they have to collaborate with other specialists in the follow-up of the affected patients assigned to them, and therefore need to recognize the signs early and improve their skills in the referral, follow-up and treatment of this group of diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to facilitate this recognition and referral to other specialists, a “Referral for systemic autoimmune diseases” document has been designed in collaboration with the Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER) and the Spanish Society of Family and Community Medicine (SEMFYC), at the proposal of the work group of systemic autoimmune diseases of the SER. To facilitate its use an application (app) for smart phones has been developed based on decision algorithms, aimed at helping the GP to take decisions for referral to the rheumatologist or to other hospital specialists.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main aim of the project was to develop a referral document to help GPs to take decisions in the face of clinical suspicion of a SAD, aiding recognition and referral to a rheumatologist or other specialist if applicable.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Material and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The SER systemic autoimmune disease workgroup created a promoter group for the document, uniting experts in SAD proposed by both scientific societies, the SER and the SEMFYC. Several joint criteria were established for creating algorithms and an index of symptoms-and-signs-guide and analytical changes were created which belonged to the SAD, based on their clinical prevalence and relevance. This was put forward to the GPs and rheumatologists linked to both societies who had an interest in these diseases and mixed couples were formed for each algorithm. A model algorithm and basic common reference were made available to them.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From each symptom, sign or change in laboratory findings each pair developed an algorithm for taking decisions which led to one or several possible diagnoses and referral proposals. Each algorithm included specific clarifying notes and updated references.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The algorithms were then assessed by the coordinators and editors of the project, homogenized and adapted for an app, the task of which was given to an external IT company.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The complete process took 2 years. No conflict of interests or any ethical conflicts were identified, since this was not a study with patients. There was no external financing or payment to the authors. The financing of the company which made the adaptation of the algorithms to the app format was provided by the SER's own resources.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty six algorithms were made, homogenized with symptoms and syndromes ordered by organs and apparatus: cutaneous, mucous, vascular, ocular, neurological, gynae-obstetric, musculo-skeletral, general symptoms and laboratory test changes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Each one was a decision tree or algorithms of normally dichotomous (yes/no) successive questions. The final recommendations referred to the probable diagnosis and the need or non need for referral, to which specialty and whether the need was for urgent referral or not, without entering into therapeutic recommendations.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A minimum set of analytical determinations was proposed for “SAD profile” diagnosis, usually available in primary care: haemogram, basic biochemistry, creatine kinase, ESR rate, reactive C protein, antinuclear antibodies and urinalysis.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The app user, after downloading and installing it on their device, selects a symptom or sign guide from a closed list and will respond to questions, mainly in a dichotomous manner, depending on each clinical case. The system allows the user to “go backwards” when some of the responses need to be modified (maybe a symptom was unclear) and links are available for consultation like, for example, lists of drugs associated with symptoms or a list of recommended complementary tests. When the algorithms reach a supposed diagnosis the suspected criteria may be reviewed. Finally, this leads to a proposal for the diagnosis and referral of their case.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The final format for the algorithms was in a text (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0040">appendix 1</a>) and in a mobile application (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">app</span> occupies 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MB, is free, is available in its free format, only in Spanish and is compatible with Android and iOS (Apple) systems on the platforms:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Android: <a href="https://tinyurl.com/y825lkxr">https://tinyurl.com/y825lkxr</a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">IOS: <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id1374778956">https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id1374778956</a></p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The platforms detect the application within the 5 first rankings from searches with “Semfyc”, “Rheumatology”, “Referral”, “Autoimmune”, “Algorithm disease” or “family medicine”. The app is regularly updated (currently in its 7th version) correcting errors communicated by its users (especially at the beginning) and incorporating minor changes from proposals for improvements by its authors.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">News of the app came about through conferences, workshops and web sites of the SER and SEMFYC, and a leaflet with the QR codes was created which enabled direct access to the download (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To date (May 2019) there have been 2419 downloads, 1310 (54%) in Android and 1109 (46%) in iOS. The mean score of users was 3.7 out of 5 (iOS).</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The SAD is a complex and uncommon group of rheumatic illnesses which are a challenge for primary care physicians, both in their early detection, preliminary study, referral, diagnosis and treatment shared with the rheumatologists. The creation of algorithms of referral by SAD from the GP to the rheumatologists is pertinent and pioneer not so much for its content, but for the format used, making it unnecessary for the professional to read the complete text and being able to follow the line of the decision tree to adapt it to their individual patient, so that they can benefit directly from the selected option in a short space of time. These decision algorithms use accessible entry criteria for the GP, obtained from patient anamnesis, physical examination or from laboratory tests which are generally accessible in primary care. Other authors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–5</span></a> have sought to combine, simplify and approach these diseases to physicians who are less familiarized with them. However, the complexity of these diseases also impedes the management of these documents, which must necessarily be extensive. This app could be a more useful and user-friendly tool than the documented available to date. It may meet the needs arising in daily practice, resolving doubts the GP may have on a day-to-day basis.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We would like the use of this app to contribute in some way to making the GP more aware of the existence of these less common diseases, reducing waiting time and coordinating the 2 care levels. Moreover, a decision taking algorithm platform has been developed which could be used for future projects.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Coordinating pairs made up of a rheumatologist and a GP to design the app and then homogenizing it afterwards in the editorial committee has led to extensive consensus for enabling decisions to be made for referral to the rheumatologist.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The adaptation of an algorithm to a mobile app format means that with a few clicks the solution and final recommendation may be reached. The rheumatologists use apps at work, but according to one study, only 10% are specific to the speciality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In the download platforms apps are offered for criteria of disease activity for patients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> but it is difficult to find any which help in the diagnosis of rheumatic diseases. In other specialties, such as ophthalmology,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> there are apps for taking diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has limitations: decisions with algorithms demand choosing between dichotomous alternatives, without the possibility of nuances or intermediate positions. However, to compensate for this grey scale, the algorithms and the app allow one to “step backwards” and follow a different route of the decision tree to see what the final result would be. The usability has not been measured, and neither have the algorithms been previously passed to a group of users for assessment. The algorithms are also unable to evaluate all options. On the other hand, the app is not supposed to be exhaustive, and other signs and symptoms may exist.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Validity of the app has not been tested in real situations to compare diagnostic decisions with that of an expert clinician, who would act as the gold standard against the decision guided by the app for different case scenarios. This remains pending as a project.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another limitation is that the app is not available for a personal computer or a tablet, due to the expense this development would entail.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The excessive information the medical world has to cope with makes this 21st app important. The app defined as an application is a type of computer programme designed as a tool, to allow the user to carry out different types of work, in our case the algorithms of systemic diseases.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicine is a field in continuous flux. The app allows its users, who have downloaded it onto their mobile, to periodically receive free updates, to incorporate improvements. More ambitiously in the future it may even be able to offer other applications not just aimed at patient referral with SAD, but with algorithms of diagnosis and shared treatment for primary care and rheumatology, depending on their disease or the treatment received.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our current task as editors is to publicize the algorithms and the app among GPs, and encourage rheumatologists to recommend it to primary care physicians in their area of care, all of which may be achieved through publications like this one and with promotion from scientific societies. We are also committed to keeping the app updated and expanding its objectives.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude, we developed an app to help with diagnosis and referral which will offer assistance to the GP in taking decisions when faced with a suspected SAD. The app will help them to identify the SAD and refer the patient to a rheumatologist or other specialist when applicable. All GPs and rheumatologists now have to work together in this passionate and difficult area of early diagnosis of SAD.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Financing</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The coordinators, editors and authors did not receive any funding or grants for any of this project. The external IT company which undertook the adaptation of the algorithms to the mobile application (app) was financed by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Spanish Society of Rheumatology</span> through its own funds.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in this article.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1391342" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1276356" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1391341" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1276355" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Financing" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack484032" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-03-26" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-09-03" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1276356" "palabras" => array:10 [ 0 => "Antinuclear antibodies" 1 => "Arthralgia" 2 => "Arthritis" 3 => "Primary health care" 4 => "Assistance coordination" 5 => "Referral" 6 => "Systemic autoimmune disease" 7 => "Systemic lupus erythematosus" 8 => "Acute phase reactants" 9 => "Clinical signs" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1276355" "palabras" => array:10 [ 0 => "Anticuerpos antinucleares" 1 => "Artralgia" 2 => "Artritis" 3 => "Atención primaria de salud" 4 => "Coordinación asistencial" 5 => "Derivación y consulta" 6 => "Enfermedades autoinmunes" 7 => "Lupus eritematoso sistémico" 8 => "Proteínas de fase aguda" 9 => "Signos y síntomas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Management of systemic autoimmune diseases is challenging for physicians in their clinical practice. Although not common, they affect thousands of patients in Spain. The family doctor faces patients with symptoms and non-specific cutaneous, mucous, joint, vascular signs or abnormal laboratory findings at the start of the disease process and has to determine when to refer patients to the specialist. To aid in disease detection and better referral, the Spanish Society of Rheumatology and the Spanish Society of Family Medicine has created a group of experts who selected 26 symptoms, key signs and abnormal laboratory findings which were organized by organ and apparatus. Family doctors and rheumatologists with an interest in autoimmune systemic diseases were selected and formed mixed groups of two that then elaborated algorithms for diagnostic guidelines and referral. The algorithms were then reviewed, homogenized and adapted to the algorithm format and application for cell phone (apps) download. The result is the current referral document of systemic autoimmune diseases for the family doctor in paper format and app (download). It contains easy-to-use algorithms using data from anamnesis, physical examination and laboratory results usually available to primary care, that help diagnose and refer patients to rheumatology or other specialties if needed.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades autoinmunes sistémicas (EAS) constituye un reto. Aunque infrecuentes, afectan a cientos de miles de pacientes en España. El médico de familia (MF) se enfrenta a síntomas o signos inespecíficos que hacen sospechar EAS al inicio del proceso, y tiene que decidir a quiénes debería derivar. Para facilitar su reconocimiento y mejorar su derivación, expertos de la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria y de la Sociedad Española de Reumatología seleccionaron 26 síntomas/signos-guía y alteraciones analíticas. Se escogieron parejas de MF y reumatólogo para elaborar algoritmos diagnósticos y de derivación. Posteriormente se revisaron y adaptaron al formato de aplicación para móviles (app) descargable. El resultado es el presente documento de derivación de EAS para MF en formato de papel y app. Contiene algoritmos de fácil manejo utilizando datos de la anamnesis, exploración física y pruebas analíticas accesibles en atención primaria para orientar el diagnóstico y facilitar la derivación a reumatología o a otras especialidades.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Urruticoechea-Arana A, León-Vázquez F, Giner-Ruiz V, Andréu-Sánchez JL, Olivé-Marqués A, Freire-González M, et al. Desarrollo de una aplicación para teléfonos móviles (app) basada en la colaboración Sociedad Española de Reumatología/Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria para derivación de enfermedades autoinmunes sistémicas. Reumatol Clin. 2020;16:373–377.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0040" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2360 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 221040 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cover of the app.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 639 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 127502 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">QR download codes.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cutaneous</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Exanthema \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Photosensitivity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Purpura \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Erythema nodosum \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Livedo reticularis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mucous</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Oral and genital sores \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chronic sinusitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Xerostomia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Parotidomegaly \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vascular</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Raynaud phenomenon \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Recurrent venous thrombosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Arterial ischaemia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ocular</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Uveitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dry eye \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Epiescleritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Neurological \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Headache/temporal arteritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Obstetric \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Recurrent miscarriages \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Musculo skeletal</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Acute arthritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chronic arthritis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Arthromyalgias and chronic pain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">General symptoms</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Weight loss \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fever \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Analytical changes</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Acute phase reactants (ESR, RCR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Rheumatoid factor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Antinuclear antibodies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Creatine phosphokinase \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2389637.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algorithms: symptoms and signs guide and analytical changes.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 3062860 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "In search of cognitive dignity: the diagnostic challenges of primary care" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P. 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