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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gout is an inflammatory disease characterized by deposition of monosodium urate &#40;MSU&#41; crystals in joints and tissues in the presence of hyperuricemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The definitive diagnosis is based on the patient&#39;s history&#44; typical symptoms and subsequent microscopy verification of crystals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Different imaging techniques can be helpful in the diagnosis&#44; especially in those whom joint aspiration is not successful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Ultrasound &#40;US&#41; is a simple imaging technique that has gained interest in the assessment of individuals with gout due to its ability to identify inflammation and joint damage&#44; as well as crystal deposition&#46; The most characteristic gout US findings are the presence of intra-articular aggregates and the double contour &#40;DC&#41; signal&#44; included in the 2015 ACR&#47;EULAR classification criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a cross-sectional study including 57 gout patients and 32 individuals with normal uricemia&#44; matched by age and gender&#46; Sociodemographic&#44; clinical and analytical data were collected&#46; Bilateral US grey scale evaluation of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint &#40;MTP1&#41;&#44; 2nd metacarpophalangeal &#40;MCP2&#41; and knee was performed in all participants by a single rheumatologist experienced in musculoskeletal US&#44; using a 6&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz linear probe of a LOGIQ S8 equipment&#46; The findings assessed were intra-articular effusion&#44; synovial hypertrophy&#44; bone erosion&#44; DC signal and intra-articular MSU aggregates&#44; taking in account the OMERACT definitions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Parametric and non-parametric tests were used to comparative analysis and the level of significance was defined as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean age of gout patients was 63&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;6 years&#46; The majority of the gout patients were male&#59; 77&#46;2&#37; had previous history of podagra and 26&#46;3&#37; had tophi&#46; Mean disease duration was 4&#46;3 years&#46; Mean uricemia was 6&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl in gout patients and 4&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl in the control group&#46; At the time of the study&#44; 73&#46;7&#37; of patients were on urate lowering therapy&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; in the MTP1&#44; patients with gout presented more frequently with synovial hypertrophy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; bone erosion &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; DC signal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; and intra-articular aggregates &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; At the knee&#44; patients showed more often effusion &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; synovial hypertrophy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and DC signal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; At the MCP2&#44; only the presence of erosion was significantly more common in the gout group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; DC signal was found in 17 &#40;30&#37;&#41; patients and in none of the healthy subjects &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#59; this finding was more frequently observed at the knee&#46; There was an association between previous gout crisis in the MTP1 and the presence of erosion in this joint &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#46; Another association was found between the presence of tophi and erosion &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; DC signal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; and intra-articular aggregates &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41;&#46; There was no association between uricemia levels&#44; disease duration and US findings&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; the presence of synovial hypertrophy&#44; erosions&#44; DC signal and intra-articular aggregates were the most frequent US findings in patients with gout&#46; Moreover&#44; we found that the DC signal was significantly more frequent in those with gout&#44; which is in agreement with previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;7&#8211;10</span></a> Das et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> in 62 patients with gout and 30 control subjects and Stewart et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in 23 patients and 34 normouricaemic subjects concluded that the DC signal was only present in gout patients and in none of the controls&#46; Although we evaluated three joints bilaterally&#44; the knee and the MTP1 seem to be the joints where gout US features are more evident&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has some limitations namely the small size of the sample and the assessments performed by a single observer&#46; Nonetheless&#44; our findings reveal that US seems to be useful in gout to demonstrate evocative signs of crystal accumulation&#44; inflammation or joint damage&#44; even in the absence of flare&#46; Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Letter to the Editor
Ultrasound features in patients with gout: A comparative analysis with matched controls
Características del ultrasonido en pacientes con gota: un análisis comparativo con controles coincidentes
Joana Leite Silvaa,
Corresponding author
joanasilva2488@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Daniela Santos-Fariaa, Marcos Cerqueirab, Joana Sousa-Nevesb, Daniela Peixotoa, Filipa Teixeiraa
a Rheumatology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde do Alto Minho, Ponte de Lima, Portugal
b Rheumatology Department, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
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    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>"
    "titulo" => "Ultrasound features in patients with gout&#58; A comparative analysis with matched controls"
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        "autoresLista" => "Joana Leite Silva, Daniela Santos-Faria, Marcos Cerqueira, Joana Sousa-Neves, Daniela Peixoto, Filipa Teixeira"
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          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Joana Leite"
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            "entidad" => "Rheumatology Department&#44; Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de do Alto Minho&#44; Ponte de Lima&#44; Portugal"
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      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Caracter&#237;sticas del ultrasonido en pacientes con gota&#58; un an&#225;lisis comparativo con controles coincidentes"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gout is an inflammatory disease characterized by deposition of monosodium urate &#40;MSU&#41; crystals in joints and tissues in the presence of hyperuricemia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The definitive diagnosis is based on the patient&#39;s history&#44; typical symptoms and subsequent microscopy verification of crystals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Different imaging techniques can be helpful in the diagnosis&#44; especially in those whom joint aspiration is not successful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Ultrasound &#40;US&#41; is a simple imaging technique that has gained interest in the assessment of individuals with gout due to its ability to identify inflammation and joint damage&#44; as well as crystal deposition&#46; The most characteristic gout US findings are the presence of intra-articular aggregates and the double contour &#40;DC&#41; signal&#44; included in the 2015 ACR&#47;EULAR classification criteria&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conducted a cross-sectional study including 57 gout patients and 32 individuals with normal uricemia&#44; matched by age and gender&#46; Sociodemographic&#44; clinical and analytical data were collected&#46; Bilateral US grey scale evaluation of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint &#40;MTP1&#41;&#44; 2nd metacarpophalangeal &#40;MCP2&#41; and knee was performed in all participants by a single rheumatologist experienced in musculoskeletal US&#44; using a 6&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz linear probe of a LOGIQ S8 equipment&#46; The findings assessed were intra-articular effusion&#44; synovial hypertrophy&#44; bone erosion&#44; DC signal and intra-articular MSU aggregates&#44; taking in account the OMERACT definitions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a> Parametric and non-parametric tests were used to comparative analysis and the level of significance was defined as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean age of gout patients was 63&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;6 years&#46; The majority of the gout patients were male&#59; 77&#46;2&#37; had previous history of podagra and 26&#46;3&#37; had tophi&#46; Mean disease duration was 4&#46;3 years&#46; Mean uricemia was 6&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl in gout patients and 4&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl in the control group&#46; At the time of the study&#44; 73&#46;7&#37; of patients were on urate lowering therapy&#46; As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#44; in the MTP1&#44; patients with gout presented more frequently with synovial hypertrophy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; bone erosion &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; DC signal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; and intra-articular aggregates &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; At the knee&#44; patients showed more often effusion &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; synovial hypertrophy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and DC signal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; At the MCP2&#44; only the presence of erosion was significantly more common in the gout group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; DC signal was found in 17 &#40;30&#37;&#41; patients and in none of the healthy subjects &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#59; this finding was more frequently observed at the knee&#46; There was an association between previous gout crisis in the MTP1 and the presence of erosion in this joint &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;04&#41;&#46; Another association was found between the presence of tophi and erosion &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; DC signal &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; and intra-articular aggregates &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41;&#46; There was no association between uricemia levels&#44; disease duration and US findings&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; the presence of synovial hypertrophy&#44; erosions&#44; DC signal and intra-articular aggregates were the most frequent US findings in patients with gout&#46; Moreover&#44; we found that the DC signal was significantly more frequent in those with gout&#44; which is in agreement with previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;7&#8211;10</span></a> Das et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> in 62 patients with gout and 30 control subjects and Stewart et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in 23 patients and 34 normouricaemic subjects concluded that the DC signal was only present in gout patients and in none of the controls&#46; Although we evaluated three joints bilaterally&#44; the knee and the MTP1 seem to be the joints where gout US features are more evident&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has some limitations namely the small size of the sample and the assessments performed by a single observer&#46; Nonetheless&#44; our findings reveal that US seems to be useful in gout to demonstrate evocative signs of crystal accumulation&#44; inflammation or joint damage&#44; even in the absence of flare&#46; Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DC signal</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">MTF1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 vs 8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">ns&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26 vs 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">19 vs 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 vs 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 vs 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">MCF2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 vs 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">ns&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 vs 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 vs 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">ns&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 vs 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Knee&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26 vs 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0 vs 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">ns&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 vs 0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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Article information
ISSN: 21735743
Original language: English
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