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array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Halbert" "apellidos" => "Hernández-Negrín" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "halberthn@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "David" "apellidos" => "Padilla-Cueto" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Onan" "apellidos" => "Martínez Morales" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario Arnaldo Milián, Santa Clara, Villa Clara, Cuba" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "IPS Asistir Salud, Bogotá, Colombia" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Tendencia creciente en la mortalidad por lupus eritematoso sistémico en América Latina como expresión de las desigualdades sociales en salud" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the fact that in the last two decades diagnostic, therapeutic and preventative strategies regarding systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have improved, their impact on specific mortality from this disease is as yet unknown.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a> This has led to the use of data from mortality records to undertake cost-effective research studies with a standardised method on the epidemiological behaviour of mortality by SLE at a population level and over long periods of time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3–5</span></a> The resulting evidence of these studies has helped to enhance the understanding of this disease and its recognition as a major health problem for healthcare authorities of several governments.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,5,6</span></a> However, Latin America is experiencing a very different reality in political material and health reports regarding SLE.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recently, Scherlinger M et al. published the worldwide trends on mortality from systemic autoimmune diseases during the period from 2001 to 2014 in the journal “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Autoimmunity Reviews”</span>. For this they used the mortality database from the World health Organisation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Their main conclusion was the standardised rate of mortality by SLE in Latin America was 5 times greater than that of Europe, a phenomenon which was not observed in the other systemic autoimmune diseases studied. Furthermore, during the 2003–2014 period, in Latin America and Asia, there was a significantly growing trend in standardised rates of mortality by SLE, whilst in Europe, North America and Oceania they demonstrated there was a decreasing trend and in Africa rates remained stable.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Posterior analysis by the same authors established an inverse correlation between countries’ wealth and the standardized rate of SLE mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> These research studies confirmed the findings from 3 previous studies on this matter which were based on mortality records, with a similar methodology.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,7,8</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inequality dominates the American continent.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Against this backdrop, much discussion has arisen as to whether the greater severity and mortality observed in Latin American patients with SLE is a consequence of genetic factors or the expression of the influence on health of social determinants in which this patient group lives. The great majority of studies conclude that the main cause of these adverse findings are from the inequalities that affect minority groups where individual factors combine (poverty, malnutrition, lack of treatment compliance, adverse perception and non-adaptive behaviour related to the disease); factors affecting the health system (lack of access to specialised services, geographical isolation) and those caused by society (lack of social support, inadequate public policies and low gross domestic product).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,10,11</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to underline that the research studies mentioned share the inherent limitations of the mortality statistics of each country and do not offer information on the causes of death, disease activity or accumulated organ damage. Despite these methodological limitations, their findings are relevant because they identify the tip of the iceberg of this health problem in the region, and urge the Latin American scientific community to recognise and prioritise it.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Low regional evidence on the extension of the problem, its associated factors and the possible effective interventions to address it, are barriers which impede the right decisions being taken and increase the divide between healthcare results for Latin American patients with SLE and the rest of the world.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Over more than a decade has passed since the report by the Commission on Social Determinants of health from the World Health Organisation: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Closing the gap in a generation.</span> Research and action on individual and contextual determinants which mould health inequalities has been consolidated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,12</span></a> This argument increasingly dictates that only an ecological approach from the perspective of social epidemiology will lead to the disentanglement of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">causes of the causes</span> of this epidemiological trend in the region and will open the doors to multi-level strategies which lead to its control.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research study did not receive any specific grants from public, commercial sector or not-for-profit agencies.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Hernández-Negrín H, Padilla-Cueto D, Martínez Morales O. Tendencia creciente en la mortalidad por lupus eritematoso sistémico en América Latina como expresión de las desigualdades sociales en salud. Reumatol Clin. 2022;18:189–190.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Worldwide trends in all-cause mortality of auto-immune systemic diseases between 2001 and 2014" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Scherlinger" 1 => "P. Mertz" 2 => "F. Sagez" 3 => "A. Meyer" 4 => "A. Felten" 5 => "E. 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2023 January | 68 | 20 | 88 |
2022 December | 73 | 44 | 117 |
2022 November | 55 | 36 | 91 |
2022 October | 54 | 40 | 94 |
2022 September | 67 | 56 | 123 |
2022 August | 2 | 1 | 3 |
2022 April | 2 | 1 | 3 |