Assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate: Utility of fibroscan and biochemical markers in routine clinical practice

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It is widely used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MTX is usually the first drug of choice in the treatment of RA.Adverse events related to MTX hepatotoxicity include increased transaminases and liver fibrosis (LF). Thus, international guidelines recommend transaminase monitoring every 1–3 months.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285">1,2</a>Liver biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of LF,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">3</a> and it is currently the technique of choice when studying persistent abnormalities in liver function in patients treated with MTX.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">4</a> However, it has important limitations that do not allow its use as a screening technique. Firstly, it is an invasive technique that is not risk-free and, in addition, there may be a disparity of values in different samples.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">5</a> Thus, the non-invasive study of LF using serum markers, radiological studies and transitional elastography is now being proposed.Transient elastography using FibroScan (FS) makes it possible to study a volume 100 times larger than that of a biopsy sample, and is therefore more representative of the liver parenchyma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">6</a> Moreover, since it is a non-invasive, rapid and easily reproducible technique (inter- and intra-observer correlation of 98%<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">7</a>) it allows serial measurements in order to study disease progression. This technique is already available for LF screening in other conditions such as viral hepatitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">8</a> In the case of RA patients on MTX, Olsson-White et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">9</a> determined for FS a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 84% in detecting LF by comparing fibroscan with APRI, FIB4 and hepascore.On the other hand, LF can present with transaminase levels in range. Therefore, screening by laboratory studies requires combined indices such as the APRI index resulting from the ratio of aminoaspartate transaminase (AST) and platelet levels (APRI). The usefulness of APRI score for identifying liver fibrosis has been extensively studied in HIV/HCV. Compared to biopsy with a sensitivity at the 0.7 threshold of 77% and specificity of 72% for the detection of significant LF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">10</a>ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of LF measured by FS and APRI index in patients with RA treated with MTX in our hospital. In addition, we studied its relationship with treatment duration (TD) and cumulative dose of MTX (CD).MethodsPatients were recruited between the 1st February 2019 and the 31st January 2020 from the rheumatology clinics of a single centre (Hospital Universitario Donostia). A total of 59 patients aged 18 years or older were prospectively studied. All had been diagnosed with RA by a rheumatologist and on treatment with MTX (without limitation in the duration of treatment).Demographic and analytical data, treatment history and CD were collected by review of the computerized medical records. LF was defined by FS (measurement greater than 7Kpa) and by APRI score (result greater than 0.7). The FS assessment was performed by a trained nurse using the Fibroscan®402 (Echosens, Paris, France). FS is an ultrasound-based technique that allows estimation of liver stiffness based on the transmission speed of shear waves.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">11</a> At the time of inclusion in the study a blood test was performed to calculate APRI scores. High transaminase levels were defined as results above 33U/L. Finally, disease activity was defined by a rheumatologist using the DAS28-CRP score (a score below 0.6 equals remission, between 0.6 and 3.2 equals low activity, between 3.2 and 5.1 moderate activity and scores above 5.1 equals high activity).Exclusion criteria were prior diagnosis of liver disease (hepatitis B or C virus infection; known non-alcoholic fatty liver disease), alcohol consumption greater than 60g/day in men or 40g/day in women, HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, congestive heart failure or body mass index (BMI) greater than 30kg/m2. Patients receiving leflunomide in the 3 years prior to the study were also excluded. The study was approved by the clinical research ethics committee of the Gipuzkoa health area and participants signed an informed consent form prior to inclusion. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire, a review of the computerized clinical history and a visit.The primary outcomes of the study were, first, the percentage of patients with LF measured by FS or APRI in our sample. Secondly, to study the relationship between LF and cumulative MTX dose or treatment duration. The secondary outcomes studied were the relationship with liver enzymes and metabolic syndrome (MetS).Statistical analysisWe initially performed a descriptive analysis by calculating the mean and standard deviation (or median and interquartile range) for quantitative variables. For qualitative variables, we calculated the absolute and relative frequencies in percentages. We performed the Chi-square test or Fisher's test to compare the distribution of qualitative variables. Similarly, we used Student's t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test to compare quantitative variables. All analyses were performed with STATA 16.1.OutcomesInitial dataFifty-nine patients were included with a mean treatment duration (TD) of 82.4 months (standard deviation, SD, 65.1). The mean CD was 5214.5mg (SD 4031.9): 26 patients had an CD less than or equal to 4000mg and 33 had a CD greater than 4000mg. Demographic variables are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. TD and disease progression time were longer in the group with a TD higher than 4000mg. Forty-six patients (77.9%) were on MTX monotherapy, and only 7 (11.8%) were taking NSAIDs.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Primary outcomesFive patients (8.5%) had liver stiffness above 7Kpa suggestive of LF. In contrast, only one patient fulfilled criteria for LF by APRI score.The mean FS value was 4.63kPa±1.44 in the group with CD less than or equal to 4000mg and 5.32kPa±2.7 in the group with higher CD. No statistically significant differences were found in terms of LF measured by both APRI (p=0.52) and FS (p=0.64) between patients with CD above and below 4000mg (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). No association was found between LH and TD, either measured by FS (p=0.66) or by APRI (p=0.61).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Secondary outcomesWithin the included patients, 9 (15.25%) had MetS. No significant differences were found in APRI or FS between patients with MetS and the rest of the sample.Regarding transaminase levels (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>), an association was found between AST higher than 33IU/L and higher values in FS (p=0.033) and APRI (p=0.036). In the case of ALT, a relationship was only found between elevated levels and APRI (p=0.0005).Discussion and conclusionsRA is the most common chronic inflammatory arthritis in Spain, affecting 0.82% (95% CI: 0.59–1.15) of the adult population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">12</a> Despite the emergence of new therapeutic targets in recent years, MTX remains the cornerstone of RA treatment, both in monotherapy and in association with biological therapies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285">1,13</a>Although chronic MTX use has classically been associated with liver fibrosis and even cirrhosis, there is growing evidence that these complications are largely affected by other factors such as alcoholism, concomitant use of other drugs or the presence of MetS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210">14–17</a>In our sample, only 8.5% of patients had liver stiffness above 7.0kPa. Similarly, the remaining studies published to date evaluating the association between MTX and LF assessed by FS have shown low prevalence of LF (6–12%). Of the reviewed studies, only two confirmed the diagnosis histologically by biopsy. Thus, Arena et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">18</a> performed liver biopsy in 5 of the 11 patients with FS>7kPa. Of these, 3 had no evidence of fibrosis but minimal signs of lobular inflammation. Lahari et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">19</a> performed a histological study in 10 patients treated with MTX, of whom only one had a diagnosis of RA. This case showed evidence of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis, but no signs of fibrosis.Like us, others have previously found no significant association between CD or TD of MTX and LF measured by FS. Thus, Park et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">6</a> in a prospective study of 177 patients, found no significant differences in FS measurements based on CD above or below 4000mg or with respect to healthy controls. Lahari et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">19</a> conducted a study of 390 patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, 149 of whom were diagnosed with RA with a minimum CD of 1500mg. In this case, they also found no correlation between LF and MTX use in comparison with controls, nor depending on CD. Similar results were obtained by Barbero-Villares et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">5</a> in a prospective study of 53 patients on chronic MTX treatment. In this study 17 patients diagnosed with RA were included. They had a mean CD of MTX of 2635mg. Although the CD was higher than for the other conditions (psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease), there were no significant differences in FS outcomes across the groups. Furthermore, Feuchtenberger et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">20</a> compared the presence of LF in RA patients on MTX versus patients without MTX exposure (n=119), also finding no differences between both groups. Finally, Kumar et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">21</a> had similar results with a sample of 63 patients and a mean CD of 4225mg.In contrast, Arena et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">18</a> in their 100-patient study with a minimum CD of 1500mg, did observe a significant association between CD (above or below 4000mg) and liver stiffness. Bafna et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">22</a> with 75 patients, had similar results while also finding that patients with LF had a significantly larger abdominal circumference. In the same line, Lertnawapan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">23</a> described a higher CD in patients with LF, but also a significantly higher proportion of hyperlipaemia, hepatic steatosis and higher BMI.Regarding the LF by APRI, our study does not allow conclusions as only one patient had a score higher than 0.7. Previous studies have also shown no relationship between APRI and CD.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">6,23</a> In parallel correlation between APRI score and FS appears to be good in RA patients treated with MTX.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">6</a> In contrast, Olson-White et al. found a lower sensitivity and specificity for LF detection by APRI than FS.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">9</a>As for the relationship of liver stiffness measurements by FS and transaminases, in our study we found significant differences in terms of AST but not ALT. In this direction, Arena et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">18</a> described in their sample a weak relationship between FS and ALT measurements while Lertnawapan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">23</a> showed significantly higher levels of ALT, AST and GGT in patients with LF. In the case of Lertnawapan et al., as mentioned above, patients with LF had a significantly higher proportion of other risk factors for liver damage. The rest of the studies analyzed showed no association between liver stiffness measured by FS and transaminase levels. In parallel, studies comparing the use of combined scores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">6,19,20,23</a> with FS, as in our case, found no correlation between them. This supports the idea that LF may develop with transaminases in the normal range, making it necessary to search for new screening techniques independent of transaminases.On the other hand, obesity is a factor that could act to increase susceptibility to MTX-induced liver damage, aggravating pre-existing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260">24,25</a> This may explain the results of some of the studies reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250">22,23</a> Another factor that could have an effect on the development of fibrosis in our patients is adequate folic acid supplementation. A review of 47 studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">26</a> described a cumulative incidence of LF per biopsy of more than 15%, with folate supplementation of 9%. The same review associated the presence of LF with high NSAID consumption (67%). In our sample, folate supplementation was of 100% and 37.3% of patients consumed NSAIDs. Finally, persistent inflammation in RA itself is a factor to be taken into account in the development of liver disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275">27,28</a>In conclusion, the presence of LF in RA patients treated with MTX is a rare event. The development of LF is a multifactorial process in which MTX does not act in isolation, so it is not directly related to the CD of MTX. In contrast, MTX may aggravate liver damage in patients with other associated risk factors. Thus, we do not consider that the presence of LF requires discontinuation of MTX, although it does require closer monitoring of the patient.The results of both our study and previous bibliography suggest that screening for LF based solely on periodic transaminase measurements may be insufficient. In this context, the use of FS seems useful in selected patients. However, further studies are still needed to define in which patients and at what point in time this test would be indicated.Consents and approval of the ethics committeeThe publication of the case was approved by the ethics committee of the Donostia University Hospital. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of his case.Conflicts of interestThe authors declare they have no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2003347" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1716478" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2003346" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1716479" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Outcomes" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Initial data" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Primary outcomes" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Secondary outcomes" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion and conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Consents and approval of the ethics committee" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2022-08-19" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-12-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1716478" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Methotrexate" 1 => "Liver fibrosis" 2 => "Rheumatoid arthritis" 3 => "Transient elastography" 4 => "FibroScan" 5 => "APRI" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1716479" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Metotrexato" 1 => "Fibrosis hepática" 2 => "Artritis reumatoide" 3 => "Elastografía de transición" 4 => "FibroScan" 5 => "APRI" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectivesTo study the prevalence of liver fibrosis (LF) measured by FibroScan and APRI index in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (AR) undergoing treatment with methotrexate (MTX). MethodsWe included 59 patients with RA on MTX. Medical records, FibroScan measures and serological markers of liver damage were compared on the basis of cumulative methotrexate dose. ResultsMean treatment duration was 82.4±65.1 months and mean cumulative dose was 5214.5±4031.9mg. Five patients met LF criteria by fibroscan, while only one patient had a suggestive APRI score. No statistically significant differences were found in terms of LF measured by both APRI and fibroScan between patients with cumulative doses above and below 4000mg. There was also no relationship between LF and treatment duration. ConclusionsThe occurrence of LF in patients with RA on MTX is a multifactorial process that does not seem directly related to its cumulative dose. FibroScan may be a useful technique in clinical practice to screen for this complication." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "ObjetivosEstudiar la prevalencia de la fibrosis hepática (FH) medida por FibroScan e índice APRI en pacientes con artritis reumatoide (AR) en tratamiento con metotrexato (MTX). MétodosSe incluyeron 59 pacientes con AR en tratamiento con MTX. Se compararon las historias clínicas, las mediciones de FibroScan y los marcadores serológicos de daño hepático en función de la dosis acumulada de MTX. ResultadosLa duración media del tratamiento fue de 82,4±65,1 meses y la dosis media acumulada de 5214,5±4031,9mg. Cinco pacientes cumplían criterios de FH por FibroScan y un solo paciente por APRI. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto a FH tanto por APRI como por FibroScan en base a dosis acumuladas superiores o inferiores a 4000mg. Tampoco hubo relación entre FH y duración del tratamiento. ConclusionesLa FH en pacientes con AR tratados con MTX es un proceso multifactorial sin aparente relación directa con la dosis acumulada. El FibroScan puede ser una técnica útil en la práctica clínica para detectar esta complicación." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "◊" "nota" => "Please see a list of the members of the methotrexate fibrosis group in Appendix A." "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "apendice" => "Andrea de Diego-Sola (Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) Agustin Castiella Eguzkiza (Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) Luis María López Domínguez (Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) Iratxe Urreta Barallobre (Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) María José Sánchez Iturri (Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) Cesar Antonio Egües Dubuc (Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) Jorge Jesús Cancio Fanlo (Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) Olga Maíz Alonso (Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) Jesús Alejandro Valero Jaimes (Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) María Vaamonde Lorenzo (Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) Leire Samaniego Leoz (Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) Joaquín Belzunegui Otãno (Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain) Eva María Zapata Morcillo (Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain)" "titulo" => "Appendix A. Members of the methotrexate fibrosis group" "identificador" => "sec0060" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "CD: cumulative dose of methotrexate; SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CD≤4000mg(n=26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CD>4000mg(n=33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sex (woman/man) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21/5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22/11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">58.5±12.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63.9±10.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duration AR (months) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">67.9±52.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">138.4±81.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duration of MTX treatment (months) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.9±23.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">122±59.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BMI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.1±3.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.1±2.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AST \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.8±8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.1±1.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ALT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.6±13.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.3±1.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DAS28-CRP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.28±1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.43±1.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Monotherapy no. (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (80.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 (75.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Concomitant NSAIDs no. (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (11.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (12.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Folate supplementation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (100) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3326464.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Baseline characteristics." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "CD: cumulative methotrexate dose; LS: liver stiffness; LF: liver fibrosis; FS: fibroscan; SD: standard deviation." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LS measured by FSMean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LS measured by APRIMean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cd≤4000MG (N=26) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.63kPa (1.44) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.29 (0.095) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cd>4000MG (N=33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.32kPa (2.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.34 (0.19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">p value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AST<33UI/L (N=53) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.79 (1.98) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.303 (0.12) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">AST≥33UI/L (N=6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.03 (3.48) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.5 (0.31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">p value \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.033 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.036 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3326463.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relationship between CD/AST and liver stiffness measured by FS and APRI." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:28 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0285" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.S. 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Assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with methotrexate: Utility of fibroscan and biochemical markers in routine clinical practice

Evaluación de la fibrosis hepática en pacientes con artritis reumatoide en tratamiento con metotrexato: utilidad en la práctica clínica habitual del FibroScan y marcadores bioquímicos

Andrea de Diego-Solaa,

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adediegosola@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Agustín Castiella Eguzkizab, Luis María López Domíngueza, Iratxe Urreta Barallobrec, María José Sánchez Iturrib, Joaquín María Belzunegui Otañoa, Eva María Zapata Morcillob, On behalf of Methotrexate fibrosis group ◊

a Department of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain

b Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain

c Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain

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        "titulo" => "Evaluaci&#243;n de la fibrosis hep&#225;tica en pacientes con artritis reumatoide en tratamiento con metotrexato&#58; utilidad en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica habitual del FibroScan y marcadores bioqu&#237;micos"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Methotrexate &#40;MTX&#41; is a folic acid analogue that inhibits the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines&#46; It is widely used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis &#40;RA&#41;&#46; MTX is usually the first drug of choice in the treatment of RA&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adverse events related to MTX hepatotoxicity include increased transaminases and liver fibrosis &#40;LF&#41;&#46; Thus&#44; international guidelines recommend transaminase monitoring every 1&#8211;3 months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Liver biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of LF&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> and it is currently the technique of choice when studying persistent abnormalities in liver function in patients treated with MTX&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> However&#44; it has important limitations that do not allow its use as a screening technique&#46; Firstly&#44; it is an invasive technique that is not risk-free and&#44; in addition&#44; there may be a disparity of values in different samples&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Thus&#44; the non-invasive study of LF using serum markers&#44; radiological studies and transitional elastography is now being proposed&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Transient elastography using FibroScan &#40;FS&#41; makes it possible to study a volume 100 times larger than that of a biopsy sample&#44; and is therefore more representative of the liver parenchyma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Moreover&#44; since it is a non-invasive&#44; rapid and easily reproducible technique &#40;inter- and intra-observer correlation of 98&#37;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#41; it allows serial measurements in order to study disease progression&#46; This technique is already available for LF screening in other conditions such as viral hepatitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In the case of RA patients on MTX&#44; Olsson-White et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> determined for FS a sensitivity of 100&#37; and a specificity of 84&#37; in detecting LF by comparing fibroscan with APRI&#44; FIB4 and hepascore&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; LF can present with transaminase levels in range&#46; Therefore&#44; screening by laboratory studies requires combined indices such as the APRI index resulting from the ratio of aminoaspartate transaminase &#40;AST&#41; and platelet levels &#40;APRI&#41;&#46; The usefulness of APRI score for identifying liver fibrosis has been extensively studied in HIV&#47;HCV&#46; Compared to biopsy with a sensitivity at the 0&#46;7 threshold of 77&#37; and specificity of 72&#37; for the detection of significant LF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Objectives</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of LF measured by FS and APRI index in patients with RA treated with MTX in our hospital&#46; In addition&#44; we studied its relationship with treatment duration &#40;TD&#41; and cumulative dose of MTX &#40;CD&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients were recruited between the 1st February 2019 and the 31st January 2020 from the rheumatology clinics of a single centre &#40;Hospital Universitario Donostia&#41;&#46; A total of 59 patients aged 18 years or older were prospectively studied&#46; All had been diagnosed with RA by a rheumatologist and on treatment with MTX &#40;without limitation in the duration of treatment&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Demographic and analytical data&#44; treatment history and CD were collected by review of the computerized medical records&#46; LF was defined by FS &#40;measurement greater than 7Kpa&#41; and by APRI score &#40;result greater than 0&#46;7&#41;&#46; The FS assessment was performed by a trained nurse using the Fibroscan&#174;402 &#40;Echosens&#44; Paris&#44; France&#41;&#46; FS is an ultrasound-based technique that allows estimation of liver stiffness based on the transmission speed of shear waves&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> At the time of inclusion in the study a blood test was performed to calculate APRI scores&#46; High transaminase levels were defined as results above 33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;L&#46; Finally&#44; disease activity was defined by a rheumatologist using the DAS28-CRP score &#40;a score below 0&#46;6 equals remission&#44; between 0&#46;6 and 3&#46;2 equals low activity&#44; between 3&#46;2 and 5&#46;1 moderate activity and scores above 5&#46;1 equals high activity&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exclusion criteria were prior diagnosis of liver disease &#40;hepatitis B or C virus infection&#59; known non-alcoholic fatty liver disease&#41;&#44; alcohol consumption greater than 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day in men or 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day in women&#44; HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; chronic renal failure&#44; congestive heart failure or body mass index &#40;BMI&#41; greater than 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46; Patients receiving leflunomide in the 3 years prior to the study were also excluded&#46; The study was approved by the clinical research ethics committee of the Gipuzkoa health area and participants signed an informed consent form prior to inclusion&#46; Data were collected by means of a questionnaire&#44; a review of the computerized clinical history and a visit&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary outcomes of the study were&#44; first&#44; the percentage of patients with LF measured by FS or APRI in our sample&#46; Secondly&#44; to study the relationship between LF and cumulative MTX dose or treatment duration&#46; The secondary outcomes studied were the relationship with liver enzymes and metabolic syndrome &#40;MetS&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We initially performed a descriptive analysis by calculating the mean and standard deviation &#40;or median and interquartile range&#41; for quantitative variables&#46; For qualitative variables&#44; we calculated the absolute and relative frequencies in percentages&#46; We performed the Chi-square test or Fisher&#39;s test to compare the distribution of qualitative variables&#46; Similarly&#44; we used Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test or Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span>-test to compare quantitative variables&#46; All analyses were performed with STATA 16&#46;1&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Outcomes</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Initial data</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fifty-nine patients were included with a mean treatment duration &#40;TD&#41; of 82&#46;4 months &#40;standard deviation&#44; SD&#44; 65&#46;1&#41;&#46; The mean CD was 5214&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg &#40;SD 4031&#46;9&#41;&#58; 26 patients had an CD less than or equal to 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and 33 had a CD greater than 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; Demographic variables are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; TD and disease progression time were longer in the group with a TD higher than 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; Forty-six patients &#40;77&#46;9&#37;&#41; were on MTX monotherapy&#44; and only 7 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41; were taking NSAIDs&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Primary outcomes</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Five patients &#40;8&#46;5&#37;&#41; had liver stiffness above 7Kpa suggestive of LF&#46; In contrast&#44; only one patient fulfilled criteria for LF by APRI score&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean FS value was 4&#46;63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;44 in the group with CD less than or equal to 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg and 5&#46;32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;7 in the group with higher CD&#46; No statistically significant differences were found in terms of LF measured by both APRI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;52&#41; and FS &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;64&#41; between patients with CD above and below 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; No association was found between LH and TD&#44; either measured by FS &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;66&#41; or by APRI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;61&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Secondary outcomes</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within the included patients&#44; 9 &#40;15&#46;25&#37;&#41; had MetS&#46; No significant differences were found in APRI or FS between patients with MetS and the rest of the sample&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding transaminase levels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#44; an association was found between AST higher than 33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU&#47;L and higher values in FS &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;033&#41; and APRI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;036&#41;&#46; In the case of ALT&#44; a relationship was only found between elevated levels and APRI &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0005&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion and conclusions</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RA is the most common chronic inflammatory arthritis in Spain&#44; affecting 0&#46;82&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;59&#8211;1&#46;15&#41; of the adult population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Despite the emergence of new therapeutic targets in recent years&#44; MTX remains the cornerstone of RA treatment&#44; both in monotherapy and in association with biological therapies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although chronic MTX use has classically been associated with liver fibrosis and even cirrhosis&#44; there is growing evidence that these complications are largely affected by other factors such as alcoholism&#44; concomitant use of other drugs or the presence of MetS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#8211;17</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our sample&#44; only 8&#46;5&#37; of patients had liver stiffness above 7&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa&#46; Similarly&#44; the remaining studies published to date evaluating the association between MTX and LF assessed by FS have shown low prevalence of LF &#40;6&#8211;12&#37;&#41;&#46; Of the reviewed studies&#44; only two confirmed the diagnosis histologically by biopsy&#46; Thus&#44; Arena et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> performed liver biopsy in 5 of the 11 patients with FS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa&#46; Of these&#44; 3 had no evidence of fibrosis but minimal signs of lobular inflammation&#46; Lahari et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> performed a histological study in 10 patients treated with MTX&#44; of whom only one had a diagnosis of RA&#46; This case showed evidence of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis&#44; but no signs of fibrosis&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Like us&#44; others have previously found no significant association between CD or TD of MTX and LF measured by FS&#46; Thus&#44; Park et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> in a prospective study of 177 patients&#44; found no significant differences in FS measurements based on CD above or below 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg or with respect to healthy controls&#46; Lahari et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> conducted a study of 390 patients with chronic inflammatory diseases&#44; 149 of whom were diagnosed with RA with a minimum CD of 1500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; In this case&#44; they also found no correlation between LF and MTX use in comparison with controls&#44; nor depending on CD&#46; Similar results were obtained by Barbero-Villares et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> in a prospective study of 53 patients on chronic MTX treatment&#46; In this study 17 patients diagnosed with RA were included&#46; They had a mean CD of MTX of 2635<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; Although the CD was higher than for the other conditions &#40;psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease&#41;&#44; there were no significant differences in FS outcomes across the groups&#46; Furthermore&#44; Feuchtenberger et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> compared the presence of LF in RA patients on MTX versus patients without MTX exposure &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>119&#41;&#44; also finding no differences between both groups&#46; Finally&#44; Kumar et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> had similar results with a sample of 63 patients and a mean CD of 4225<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast&#44; Arena et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> in their 100-patient study with a minimum CD of 1500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#44; did observe a significant association between CD &#40;above or below 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#41; and liver stiffness&#46; Bafna et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> with 75 patients&#44; had similar results while also finding that patients with LF had a significantly larger abdominal circumference&#46; In the same line&#44; Lertnawapan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> described a higher CD in patients with LF&#44; but also a significantly higher proportion of hyperlipaemia&#44; hepatic steatosis and higher BMI&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the LF by APRI&#44; our study does not allow conclusions as only one patient had a score higher than 0&#46;7&#46; Previous studies have also shown no relationship between APRI and CD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;23</span></a> In parallel correlation between APRI score and FS appears to be good in RA patients treated with MTX&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In contrast&#44; Olson-White et al&#46; found a lower sensitivity and specificity for LF detection by APRI than FS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for the relationship of liver stiffness measurements by FS and transaminases&#44; in our study we found significant differences in terms of AST but not ALT&#46; In this direction&#44; Arena et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> described in their sample a weak relationship between FS and ALT measurements while Lertnawapan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> showed significantly higher levels of ALT&#44; AST and GGT in patients with LF&#46; In the case of Lertnawapan et al&#46;&#44; as mentioned above&#44; patients with LF had a significantly higher proportion of other risk factors for liver damage&#46; The rest of the studies analyzed showed no association between liver stiffness measured by FS and transaminase levels&#46; In parallel&#44; studies comparing the use of combined scores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;19&#44;20&#44;23</span></a> with FS&#44; as in our case&#44; found no correlation between them&#46; This supports the idea that LF may develop with transaminases in the normal range&#44; making it necessary to search for new screening techniques independent of transaminases&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; obesity is a factor that could act to increase susceptibility to MTX-induced liver damage&#44; aggravating pre-existing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a> This may explain the results of some of the studies reported&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> Another factor that could have an effect on the development of fibrosis in our patients is adequate folic acid supplementation&#46; A review of 47 studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> described a cumulative incidence of LF per biopsy of more than 15&#37;&#44; with folate supplementation of 9&#37;&#46; The same review associated the presence of LF with high NSAID consumption &#40;67&#37;&#41;&#46; In our sample&#44; folate supplementation was of 100&#37; and 37&#46;3&#37; of patients consumed NSAIDs&#46; Finally&#44; persistent inflammation in RA itself is a factor to be taken into account in the development of liver disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the presence of LF in RA patients treated with MTX is a rare event&#46; The development of LF is a multifactorial process in which MTX does not act in isolation&#44; so it is not directly related to the CD of MTX&#46; In contrast&#44; MTX may aggravate liver damage in patients with other associated risk factors&#46; Thus&#44; we do not consider that the presence of LF requires discontinuation of MTX&#44; although it does require closer monitoring of the patient&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of both our study and previous bibliography suggest that screening for LF based solely on periodic transaminase measurements may be insufficient&#46; In this context&#44; the use of FS seems useful in selected patients&#46; However&#44; further studies are still needed to define in which patients and at what point in time this test would be indicated&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Consents and approval of the ethics committee</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The publication of the case was approved by the ethics committee of the Donostia University Hospital&#46; Informed consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of his case&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Outcomes"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2022-08-19"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2022-12-15"
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            0 => "Methotrexate"
            1 => "Liver fibrosis"
            2 => "Rheumatoid arthritis"
            3 => "Transient elastography"
            4 => "FibroScan"
            5 => "APRI"
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            0 => "Metotrexato"
            1 => "Fibrosis hep&#225;tica"
            2 => "Artritis reumatoide"
            3 => "Elastograf&#237;a de transici&#243;n"
            4 => "FibroScan"
            5 => "APRI"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To study the prevalence of liver fibrosis &#40;LF&#41; measured by FibroScan and APRI index in patients with rheumatoid arthritis &#40;AR&#41; undergoing treatment with methotrexate &#40;MTX&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We included 59 patients with RA on MTX&#46; Medical records&#44; FibroScan measures and serological markers of liver damage were compared on the basis of cumulative methotrexate dose&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean treatment duration was 82&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&#46;1 months and mean cumulative dose was 5214&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4031&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; Five patients met LF criteria by fibroscan&#44; while only one patient had a suggestive APRI score&#46; No statistically significant differences were found in terms of LF measured by both APRI and fibroScan between patients with cumulative doses above and below 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; There was also no relationship between LF and treatment duration&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The occurrence of LF in patients with RA on MTX is a multifactorial process that does not seem directly related to its cumulative dose&#46; FibroScan may be a useful technique in clinical practice to screen for this complication&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudiar la prevalencia de la fibrosis hep&#225;tica &#40;FH&#41; medida por FibroScan e &#237;ndice APRI en pacientes con artritis reumatoide &#40;AR&#41; en tratamiento con metotrexato &#40;MTX&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 59 pacientes con AR en tratamiento con MTX&#46; Se compararon las historias cl&#237;nicas&#44; las mediciones de FibroScan y los marcadores serol&#243;gicos de da&#241;o hep&#225;tico en funci&#243;n de la dosis acumulada de MTX&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La duraci&#243;n media del tratamiento fue de 82&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&#44;1 meses y la dosis media acumulada de 5214&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4031&#44;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; Cinco pacientes cumpl&#237;an criterios de FH por FibroScan y un solo paciente por APRI&#46; No se encontraron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas en cuanto a FH tanto por APRI como por FibroScan en base a dosis acumuladas superiores o inferiores a 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; Tampoco hubo relaci&#243;n entre FH y duraci&#243;n del tratamiento&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La FH en pacientes con AR tratados con MTX es un proceso multifactorial sin aparente relaci&#243;n directa con la dosis acumulada&#46; El FibroScan puede ser una t&#233;cnica &#250;til en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica para detectar esta complicaci&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please see a list of the members of the methotrexate fibrosis group in Appendix A&#46;</p>"
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Andrea de Diego-Sola &#40;Department of Rheumatology&#44; Hospital</p> <p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Agustin Castiella Eguzkiza &#40;Department of Gastroenterology&#44;</p> <p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Luis Mar&#237;a L&#243;pez Dom&#237;nguez &#40;Department of Rheumatology&#44;</p> <p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Iratxe Urreta Barallobre &#40;Department of Clinical Epidemiology&#44;</p> <p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mar&#237;a Jos&#233; S&#225;nchez Iturri &#40;Department of Gastroenterology&#44;</p> <p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cesar Antonio Eg&#252;es Dubuc &#40;Department of Rheumatology&#44; Hospital Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jorge Jes&#250;s Cancio Fanlo &#40;Department of Rheumatology&#44; Hospital</p> <p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Olga Ma&#237;z Alonso &#40;Department of Rheumatology&#44; Hospital Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jes&#250;s Alejandro Valero Jaimes &#40;Department of Rheumatology&#44;</p> <p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mar&#237;a Vaamonde Lorenzo &#40;Department of Gastroenterology&#44;</p> <p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Leire Samaniego Leoz &#40;Department of Gastroenterology&#44; Hospital Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Joaqu&#237;n Belzunegui Ota&#771;no &#40;Department of Rheumatology&#44; Hospital Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p> <p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eva Mar&#237;a Zapata Morcillo &#40;Department of Gastroenterology&#44;</p> <p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hospital Universitario Donostia&#44; San Sebasti&#225;n&#44; Spain&#41;</p>"
            "titulo" => "Appendix A&#46; Members of the methotrexate fibrosis group"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CD&#58; cumulative dose of methotrexate&#59; SD&#58; standard deviation&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">31&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>23&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">122<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>59&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">BMI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">AST&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">ALT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">DAS28-CRP&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Monotherapy no&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;80&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;75&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Concomitant NSAIDs no&#46; &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;11&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;12&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Folate supplementation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CD&#58; cumulative methotrexate dose&#59; LS&#58; liver stiffness&#59; LF&#58; liver fibrosis&#59; FS&#58; fibroscan&#59; SD&#58; standard deviation&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Cd<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4000MG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa &#40;1&#46;44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;29 &#40;0&#46;095&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Cd<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4000MG &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa &#40;2&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;34 &#40;0&#46;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">AST<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;L &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;79 &#40;1&#46;98&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;303 &#40;0&#46;12&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AST<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI&#47;L &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;03 &#40;3&#46;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;033&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;036&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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      "titulo" => "References"
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        0 => array:2 [
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            0 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease modifying antirheumatic drugs&#58; 2019 update"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;S&#46; Smolen"
                            1 => "R&#46;B&#46;M&#46; Landew&#233;"
                            2 => "J&#46;W&#46;J&#46; Bijlsma"
                            3 => "G&#46;R&#46; Burmester"
                            4 => "M&#46; Dougados"
                            5 => "A&#46; Kerschbaumer"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216655"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Rheum Dis&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "79"
                        "paginaInicial" => "685"
                        "paginaFinal" => "699"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31969328"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                ]
              ]
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "American College of Rheumatology 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;A&#46; Singh"
                            1 => "K&#46;G&#46; Saag"
                            2 => "S&#46;L&#46; Bridges Jr&#46;"
                            3 => "E&#46;A&#46; Akl"
                            4 => "R&#46;R&#46; Bannuru"
                            5 => "M&#46;C&#46; Sullivan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/acr.22783"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arthritis Care Res &#40;Hoboken&#41;"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "68"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "25"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26545825"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evaluation of liver fibrosis&#58; a concise review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "N&#46;H&#46; Afdhal"
                            1 => "D&#46; Nunes"
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                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30110.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Gastroenterol"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "99"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1160"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1174"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "web" => "Medline"
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Article information

ISSN: 21735743
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.reumae.2022.12.002

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