New imaging techniques in the evaluation of joint cartilage
Nuevas técnicas de imagen en la valoración del cartílago articular
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Both 1.5 and especially 3 Tesla equipments have become very efficient in showing the whole joint cartilage and classifying the degenerative damage by analyzing morphological, structural, and physical properties. MR evaluation of joint cartilage is of great clinical importance due to the prevalence of degenerative lesions and the development of new drugs and surgery-based treatments.</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this work we explain the advances in the MR quantization of the joint cartilage properties, particularly focusing on T2 and T1 relaxation times, the distribution of first-pass contrast agent (pharmacokinetic study) and late enhancement percentage. By using specific sequences and adequate measuring techniques, MR allows the evaluation of important parameters such as cartilage surface, thickness, and volume; signal intensity and the physical properties related to collagen integrity and edema; cartilage perfusion and endothelial permeability related to neovascularization; and the presence of late enhancement areas, related to proteoglycan concentrations.</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This information will aid early diagnosis, establishment of the degree of degeneration, assessment of prognosis, definition of therapeutic options, and evaluation of treatment effectiveness. The study of the cartilage structural and functional alterations by MR imaging is an excellent biomarker of tissue degeneration.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La resonancia magnética (RM) brinda una excelente resolución espacial para observar el cartílago y una gran definición de sus principales propiedades. Los equipos de 1,5 teslas (T) y, principalmente, los de 3 T se demuestran muy eficaces para visualizar todo el cartílago articular, y mediante el análisis de propiedades morfológicas, estructurales y físicas estratificar el daño degenerativo. La evaluación mediante RM del cartílago articular tiene una gran relevancia clínica dada la prevalencia de lesiones degenerativas y el desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos y de tratamientos de base quirúrgica.</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este trabajo se analizan los avances de la cuantificación mediante RM de las propiedades del cartílago articular, en concreto, los tiempos de relajación T2 y T1, la distribución del primer paso de un medio de contraste (estudio farmacocinético) y el porcentaje de realce tardío. Mediante el empleo de secuencias específicas y técnicas de cuantificación adecuadas, la RM permite evaluar parámetros tan importantes como la superficie, el espesor y el volumen del cartílago; la intensidad de la señal y las propiedades físicas relacionadas con la integridad del colágeno y el edema; la perfusión del cartílago y la permeabilidad de membrana relacionada con la neovascularización y la presencia de áreas con realce tardío, relacionadas con la concentración de proteoglicanos.</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Esta información puede ayudar al diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad, establecer el grado de afectación, valorar el pronóstico, incidir en la decisión terapéutica y evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento. El estudio de las alteraciones estructurales y funcionales del cartílago mediante RM es un excelente biomarcador de la degeneración del cartílago.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Note: section credited by the SEAFORMEC with 11.9 credits. Consult questions of every article in <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://reumatolgiaclinica.org/">http://reumatolgiaclinica.org</span>.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Volumetric cartilage measurements of porcine knee at 1.5-T and 3.0-T MR imaging: Evaluation of precision and accuracy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.S. 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| 2024 November | 6 | 12 | 18 |
| 2024 October | 26 | 50 | 76 |
| 2024 September | 17 | 16 | 33 |
| 2024 August | 36 | 39 | 75 |
| 2024 July | 28 | 51 | 79 |
| 2024 June | 27 | 42 | 69 |
| 2024 May | 26 | 35 | 61 |
| 2024 April | 28 | 36 | 64 |
| 2024 March | 31 | 44 | 75 |
| 2024 February | 28 | 30 | 58 |
| 2024 January | 27 | 24 | 51 |
| 2023 December | 23 | 37 | 60 |
| 2023 November | 27 | 27 | 54 |
| 2023 October | 19 | 33 | 52 |
| 2023 September | 28 | 43 | 71 |
| 2023 August | 28 | 16 | 44 |
| 2023 July | 20 | 30 | 50 |
| 2023 June | 22 | 24 | 46 |
| 2023 May | 24 | 16 | 40 |
| 2023 April | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2023 March | 17 | 31 | 48 |
| 2023 February | 19 | 35 | 54 |
| 2023 January | 14 | 35 | 49 |
| 2022 December | 22 | 46 | 68 |
| 2022 November | 25 | 32 | 57 |
| 2022 October | 21 | 46 | 67 |
| 2022 September | 16 | 23 | 39 |
| 2022 August | 20 | 49 | 69 |
| 2022 July | 15 | 46 | 61 |
| 2022 June | 26 | 27 | 53 |
| 2022 May | 18 | 49 | 67 |
| 2022 April | 25 | 55 | 80 |
| 2022 March | 25 | 40 | 65 |
| 2022 February | 15 | 42 | 57 |
| 2022 January | 18 | 39 | 57 |
| 2021 December | 20 | 48 | 68 |
| 2021 November | 15 | 57 | 72 |
| 2021 October | 31 | 52 | 83 |
| 2021 September | 23 | 51 | 74 |
| 2021 August | 12 | 38 | 50 |
| 2021 July | 14 | 33 | 47 |
| 2021 June | 20 | 59 | 79 |
| 2021 May | 20 | 41 | 61 |
| 2021 April | 52 | 109 | 161 |
| 2021 March | 39 | 31 | 70 |
| 2021 February | 41 | 23 | 64 |
| 2021 January | 21 | 22 | 43 |
| 2020 December | 20 | 19 | 39 |
| 2020 November | 19 | 16 | 35 |
| 2020 October | 13 | 11 | 24 |
| 2020 September | 29 | 15 | 44 |
| 2020 August | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| 2020 July | 18 | 13 | 31 |
| 2020 June | 18 | 17 | 35 |
| 2020 May | 19 | 21 | 40 |
| 2020 April | 19 | 16 | 35 |
| 2020 March | 18 | 7 | 25 |
| 2020 February | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2020 January | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 September | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2019 June | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2019 March | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2019 January | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 May | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2018 April | 29 | 11 | 40 |
| 2018 March | 12 | 10 | 22 |
| 2018 February | 9 | 3 | 12 |
| 2018 January | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2017 December | 9 | 8 | 17 |
| 2017 November | 10 | 4 | 14 |
| 2017 October | 15 | 10 | 25 |
| 2017 September | 9 | 14 | 23 |
| 2017 August | 9 | 9 | 18 |
| 2017 July | 9 | 9 | 18 |
| 2017 June | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2017 May | 17 | 12 | 29 |
| 2017 April | 13 | 9 | 22 |
| 2017 March | 10 | 11 | 21 |
| 2017 February | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2017 January | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2016 December | 29 | 15 | 44 |
| 2016 November | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2016 October | 26 | 12 | 38 |
| 2016 September | 30 | 15 | 45 |
| 2016 August | 22 | 10 | 32 |
| 2016 July | 12 | 5 | 17 |
| 2016 March | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2016 February | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2016 January | 4 | 10 | 14 |
| 2015 December | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2015 August | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2015 July | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2015 June | 20 | 3 | 23 |
| 2015 May | 20 | 14 | 34 |
| 2015 April | 29 | 10 | 39 |
| 2015 March | 26 | 6 | 32 |
| 2015 February | 21 | 8 | 29 |
| 2015 January | 11 | 19 | 30 |
| 2014 December | 24 | 10 | 34 |
| 2014 November | 16 | 12 | 28 |
| 2014 October | 17 | 7 | 24 |
| 2014 September | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2014 August | 14 | 14 | 28 |
| 2014 July | 16 | 14 | 30 |
| 2014 June | 39 | 8 | 47 |
| 2014 May | 33 | 11 | 44 |
| 2014 April | 33 | 9 | 42 |
| 2014 March | 41 | 15 | 56 |
| 2014 February | 37 | 10 | 47 |
| 2014 January | 33 | 6 | 39 |
| 2013 December | 21 | 13 | 34 |
| 2013 November | 22 | 12 | 34 |
| 2013 October | 31 | 10 | 41 |
| 2013 September | 31 | 13 | 44 |
| 2013 August | 23 | 15 | 38 |
| 2013 July | 31 | 8 | 39 |
| 2013 June | 27 | 4 | 31 |
| 2013 May | 20 | 12 | 32 |
| 2013 April | 22 | 14 | 36 |
| 2013 March | 22 | 14 | 36 |
| 2013 February | 24 | 7 | 31 |
| 2013 January | 16 | 11 | 27 |
| 2012 December | 23 | 11 | 34 |
| 2012 November | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2012 October | 4 | 4 | 8 |
| 2012 September | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2012 May | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2012 April | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2012 March | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2012 February | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2012 January | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2011 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2011 November | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2011 October | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2011 September | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2011 July | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2011 June | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2011 March | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2011 February | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2011 January | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2010 December | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2010 November | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2010 October | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2010 September | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2010 August | 18 | 0 | 18 |
| 2010 July | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2010 June | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2010 May | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2010 April | 14 | 0 | 14 |
| 2010 March | 4 | 0 | 4 |
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