array:23 [
  "pii" => "S2173574309701376"
  "issn" => "21735743"
  "doi" => "10.1016/S2173-5743(09)70137-6"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2009-11-01"
  "aid" => "70137"
  "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Reumatología and Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2009"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Reumatol Clin. 2009;5:285-8"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 1843
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 41
      "HTML" => 1262
      "PDF" => 540
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S2173574309701388"
    "issn" => "21735743"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S2173-5743(09)70138-8"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2009-11-01"
    "aid" => "70138"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Reumatología and Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "sco"
    "cita" => "Reumatol Clin. 2009;5:289-90"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2324
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 38
        "HTML" => 1311
        "PDF" => 975
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:8 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Massive pleural effusion in systemic lupus erythematosus"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "289"
          "paginaFinal" => "290"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Derrame pleural masivo en lupus erimematoso sistémico"
        ]
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Mireya Elizabeth González Leija, Mauricio Orrantia Vertiz, Miguel Á. Vázquez Zaragoza"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mireya Elizabeth"
              "apellidos" => "González Leija"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mauricio"
              "apellidos" => "Orrantia Vertiz"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Miguel Á."
              "apellidos" => "Vázquez Zaragoza"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173574309701388?idApp=UINPBA00004M"
    "url" => "/21735743/0000000500000006/v1_201305061600/S2173574309701388/v1_201305061600/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S2173574309701364"
    "issn" => "21735743"
    "doi" => "10.1016/S2173-5743(09)70136-4"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2009-11-01"
    "aid" => "70136"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Reumatología and Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "rev"
    "cita" => "Reumatol Clin. 2009;5:280-4"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2104
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 42
        "HTML" => 1253
        "PDF" => 809
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review</span>"
      "titulo" => "Fiftieth anniversary of the description of the chemical structure of antibodies"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "280"
          "paginaFinal" => "284"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Cincuentenario del descubrimiento de la estructura qu&#237;mica de los anticuerpos"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Dolores Ramos-Bello, Luis Llorente"
          "autores" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Dolores"
              "apellidos" => "Ramos-Bello"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Luis"
              "apellidos" => "Llorente"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173574309701364?idApp=UINPBA00004M"
    "url" => "/21735743/0000000500000006/v1_201305061600/S2173574309701364/v1_201305061600/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:15 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "New imaging techniques in the evaluation of joint cartilage"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "285"
        "paginaFinal" => "288"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Luis Mart&#237;-Bonmat&#237;, Roberto Sanz, &#193;ngel Alberich, Elena Belloch"
        "autores" => array:4 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Luis"
            "apellidos" => "Mart&#237;-Bonmat&#237;"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "Luis&#46;Marti&#64;uv&#46;es"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:3 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Roberto"
            "apellidos" => "Sanz"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "&#193;ngel"
            "apellidos" => "Alberich"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Elena"
            "apellidos" => "Belloch"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Radiolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Quir&#243;n Valencia&#44; Valencia&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Radiolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario Dr&#46; Peset&#44; Valencia&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Nuevas t&#233;cnicas de imagen en la valoraci&#243;n del cart&#237;lago articular"
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2008-01-31"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2008-03-07"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec112268"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Cartilage"
            1 => "Magnetic resonance"
            2 => "Biomarkers"
            3 => "Osteoarthritis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec112269"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Cart&#237;lago"
            1 => "Resonancia magn&#233;tica"
            2 => "Biomarcadores"
            3 => "Artrosis"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Magnetic resonance &#40;MR&#41; imaging provides an excellent spatial resolution to visualize cartilage and define its main properties&#46; Both 1&#46;5 and especially 3 Tesla equipments have become very efficient in showing the whole joint cartilage and classifying the degenerative damage by analyzing morphological&#44; structural&#44; and physical properties&#46; MR evaluation of joint cartilage is of great clinical importance due to the prevalence of degenerative lesions and the development of new drugs and surgery-based treatments&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this work we explain the advances in the MR quantization of the joint cartilage properties&#44; particularly focusing on T2 and T1 relaxation times&#44; the distribution of first-pass contrast agent &#40;pharmacokinetic study&#41; and late enhancement percentage&#46; By using specific sequences and adequate measuring techniques&#44; MR allows the evaluation of important parameters such as cartilage surface&#44; thickness&#44; and volume&#59; signal intensity and the physical properties related to collagen integrity and edema&#59; cartilage perfusion and endothelial permeability related to neovascularization&#59; and the presence of late enhancement areas&#44; related to proteoglycan concentrations&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This information will aid early diagnosis&#44; establishment of the degree of degeneration&#44; assessment of prognosis&#44; definition of therapeutic options&#44; and evaluation of treatment effectiveness&#46; The study of the cartilage structural and functional alterations by MR imaging is an excellent biomarker of tissue degeneration&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La resonancia magn&#233;tica &#40;RM&#41; brinda una excelente resoluci&#243;n espacial para observar el cart&#237;lago y una gran definici&#243;n de sus principales propiedades&#46; Los equipos de 1&#44;5 teslas &#40;T&#41; y&#44; principalmente&#44; los de 3 T se demuestran muy eficaces para visualizar todo el cart&#237;lago articular&#44; y mediante el an&#225;lisis de propiedades morfol&#243;gicas&#44; estructurales y f&#237;sicas estratificar el da&#241;o degenerativo&#46; La evaluaci&#243;n mediante RM del cart&#237;lago articular tiene una gran relevancia cl&#237;nica dada la prevalencia de lesiones degenerativas y el desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos y de tratamientos de base quir&#250;rgica&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este trabajo se analizan los avances de la cuantificaci&#243;n mediante RM de las propiedades del cart&#237;lago articular&#44; en concreto&#44; los tiempos de relajaci&#243;n T2 y T1&#44; la distribuci&#243;n del primer paso de un medio de contraste &#40;estudio farmacocin&#233;tico&#41; y el porcentaje de realce tard&#237;o&#46; Mediante el empleo de secuencias espec&#237;ficas y t&#233;cnicas de cuantificaci&#243;n adecuadas&#44; la RM permite evaluar par&#225;metros tan importantes como la superficie&#44; el espesor y el volumen del cart&#237;lago&#59; la intensidad de la se&#241;al y las propiedades f&#237;sicas relacionadas con la integridad del col&#225;geno y el edema&#59; la perfusi&#243;n del cart&#237;lago y la permeabilidad de membrana relacionada con la neovascularizaci&#243;n y la presencia de &#225;reas con realce tard&#237;o&#44; relacionadas con la concentraci&#243;n de proteoglicanos&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Esta informaci&#243;n puede ayudar al diagn&#243;stico precoz de la enfermedad&#44; establecer el grado de afectaci&#243;n&#44; valorar el pron&#243;stico&#44; incidir en la decisi&#243;n terap&#233;utica y evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento&#46; El estudio de las alteraciones estructurales y funcionales del cart&#237;lago mediante RM es un excelente biomarcador de la degeneraci&#243;n del cart&#237;lago&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Note&#58; section credited by the SEAFORMEC with 11&#46;9 credits&#46; Consult questions of every article in <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://reumatolgiaclinica.org/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;reumatolgiaclinica&#46;org</span>&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:14 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Volumetric cartilage measurements of porcine knee at 1&#46;5-T and 3&#46;0-T MR imaging&#58; Evaluation of precision and accuracy"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;S&#46; Bauer"
                            1 => "S&#46;J&#46; Krause"
                            2 => "C&#46;J&#46; Ross"
                            3 => "R&#46; Krug"
                            4 => "J&#46; Carballido-Gamio"
                            5 => "E&#46; Ozhinsky"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1148/radiol.2412051330"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Radiology"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "241"
                        "paginaInicial" => "399"
                        "paginaFinal" => "406"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17057067"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
              "etiqueta" => "2&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "MRI of articular cartilage&#58; Revisiting current status and future directions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46;P&#46; Recht"
                            1 => "D&#46;W&#46; Goodwin"
                            2 => "C&#46;S&#46; Winalski"
                            3 => "L&#46;M&#46; White"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2214/AJR.05.0099"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "AJR Am J Roentgenol"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "185"
                        "paginaInicial" => "899"
                        "paginaFinal" => "914"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16177408"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "T2 relaxation time of cartilage at MR imaging&#58; Comparison with severity of knee osteoarthritis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "T&#46;C&#46; Dunn"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Lu"
                            2 => "H&#46; Jin"
                            3 => "M&#46;D&#46; Ries"
                            4 => "S&#46; Majumdar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1148/radiol.2322030976"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Radiology"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "232"
                        "paginaInicial" => "592"
                        "paginaFinal" => "598"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215540"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib4"
              "etiqueta" => "4&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Spatial variation in cartilage T2 of the knee"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "H&#46;E&#46; Smith"
                            1 => "T&#46;J&#46; Mosher"
                            2 => "B&#46;J&#46; Dardzinski"
                            3 => "B&#46;G&#46; Collins"
                            4 => "C&#46;M&#46; Collins"
                            5 => "Q&#46;X&#46; Yang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Magn Reson Imaging"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "50"
                        "paginaFinal" => "55"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11436214"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "In vitro and in vivo MR imaging of hyaline cartilage&#58; Zonal anatomy&#44; imaging pitfalls and pathologic conditions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46;G&#46; Waldschmidt"
                            1 => "R&#46;J&#46; Rilling"
                            2 => "A&#46;A&#46; Kajdacsy-Balla"
                            3 => "M&#46;D&#46; Boynton"
                            4 => "S&#46;J&#46; Erickson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1148/radiographics.17.6.9397453"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Radiographics"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1387"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1402"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9397453"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
              "etiqueta" => "6&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Blumenkrantz"
                            1 => "S&#46; Majumdar"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Cell Mater"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "76"
                        "paginaFinal" => "86"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17506024"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cartilage imaging&#58; Motivation&#44; techniques&#44; current and future significance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "T&#46;M&#46; Link"
                            1 => "R&#46; Stahl"
                            2 => "K&#46; Woertler"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00330-006-0453-5"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Radiol"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1135"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1146"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17093967"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "In vivo T&#40;1rho&#41; and T&#40;2&#41; mapping of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis of the knee using 3T MRI"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "X&#46; Li"
                            1 => "C&#46; Benjamin Ma"
                            2 => "T&#46;M&#46; Link"
                            3 => "D&#46;D&#46; Castillo"
                            4 => "G&#46; Blumenkrantz"
                            5 => "J&#46; Lozano"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.joca.2007.01.011"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Osteoarthritis Cartilage"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "15"
                        "paginaInicial" => "789"
                        "paginaFinal" => "797"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17307365"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cuantificaci&#243;n de la captaci&#243;n en la resonancia magn&#233;tica"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Mart&#237;-Bonmat&#237;"
                            1 => "R&#46; Sanz"
                            2 => "D&#46; Moratal"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:3 [
                        "titulo" => "Medios de Contraste en Radiolog&#237;a"
                        "edicion" => "Primera Edici&#243;n"
                        "serieFecha" => "2007"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "MR pharmacokinetic modeling of the patellar cartilage differentiates normal from pathological conditions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Sanz"
                            1 => "L&#46; Mart&#237;-Bonmat&#237;"
                            2 => "J&#46;L&#46; Rodrigo"
                            3 => "D&#46; Moratal"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/jmri.21233"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Magn Reson Imaging"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "171"
                        "paginaFinal" => "177"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18022850"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Pharmacokinetic MR analysis of the cartilage is influence by field strength"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "L&#46; Mart&#237;-Bonmat&#237;"
                            1 => "R&#46; Sanz"
                            2 => "A&#46; Alberich"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:2 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Radiol"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib12"
              "etiqueta" => "12&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "MRI of the cartilage"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "H&#46; Imhof"
                            1 => "I&#46;M&#46; N&#246;bauer-Huhmann"
                            2 => "C&#46; Krestan"
                            3 => "A&#46; Gahleitner"
                            4 => "I&#46; Sulzbacher"
                            5 => "S&#46; Marlovits"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00330-001-1301-2"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Radiol"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2781"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2793"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12386774"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Glycosaminoglycan distribution in cartilage as determined by gadolinium- enhanced MRI of cartilage &#40;dGEMRIC&#41;&#58; Potential clinical applications"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; Williams"
                            1 => "A&#46; Gillis"
                            2 => "C&#46; McKenzie"
                            3 => "B&#46; Po"
                            4 => "L&#46; Sharma"
                            5 => "L&#46; Micheli"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2214/ajr.182.1.1820167"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "AJR Am J Roentgenol"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "182"
                        "paginaInicial" => "167"
                        "paginaFinal" => "172"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684534"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib14"
              "etiqueta" => "14&#46;"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Patellar articular cartilage lesions&#58; In vitro MR imaging evaluation after placement in gadopentetate dimeglumine solution"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Woertler"
                            1 => "H&#46; Buerger"
                            2 => "J&#46; Moeller"
                            3 => "E&#46;J&#46; Rummeny"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1148/radiol.2303021388"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Radiology"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "230"
                        "paginaInicial" => "768"
                        "paginaFinal" => "773"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14739308"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/21735743/0000000500000006/v1_201305061600/S2173574309701376/v1_201305061600/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "8414"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Continuing Medical Education"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735743/0000000500000006/v1_201305061600/S2173574309701376/v1_201305061600/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004M&text.app=https://reumatologiaclinica.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173574309701376?idApp=UINPBA00004M"
]
Share
Journal Information
Vol. 5. Issue 6.
Pages 285-288 (November - December 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 5. Issue 6.
Pages 285-288 (November - December 2009)
Full text access
New imaging techniques in the evaluation of joint cartilage
Nuevas técnicas de imagen en la valoración del cartílago articular
Visits
4997
Luis Martí-Bonmatía,b,
Corresponding author
Luis.Marti@uv.es

Corresponding author.
, Roberto Sanza, Ángel Albericha, Elena Bellocha
a Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Quirón Valencia, Valencia, Spain
b Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Abstract

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides an excellent spatial resolution to visualize cartilage and define its main properties. Both 1.5 and especially 3 Tesla equipments have become very efficient in showing the whole joint cartilage and classifying the degenerative damage by analyzing morphological, structural, and physical properties. MR evaluation of joint cartilage is of great clinical importance due to the prevalence of degenerative lesions and the development of new drugs and surgery-based treatments.

In this work we explain the advances in the MR quantization of the joint cartilage properties, particularly focusing on T2 and T1 relaxation times, the distribution of first-pass contrast agent (pharmacokinetic study) and late enhancement percentage. By using specific sequences and adequate measuring techniques, MR allows the evaluation of important parameters such as cartilage surface, thickness, and volume; signal intensity and the physical properties related to collagen integrity and edema; cartilage perfusion and endothelial permeability related to neovascularization; and the presence of late enhancement areas, related to proteoglycan concentrations.

This information will aid early diagnosis, establishment of the degree of degeneration, assessment of prognosis, definition of therapeutic options, and evaluation of treatment effectiveness. The study of the cartilage structural and functional alterations by MR imaging is an excellent biomarker of tissue degeneration.

Keywords:
Cartilage
Magnetic resonance
Biomarkers
Osteoarthritis
Resumen

La resonancia magnética (RM) brinda una excelente resolución espacial para observar el cartílago y una gran definición de sus principales propiedades. Los equipos de 1,5 teslas (T) y, principalmente, los de 3 T se demuestran muy eficaces para visualizar todo el cartílago articular, y mediante el análisis de propiedades morfológicas, estructurales y físicas estratificar el daño degenerativo. La evaluación mediante RM del cartílago articular tiene una gran relevancia clínica dada la prevalencia de lesiones degenerativas y el desarrollo de nuevos medicamentos y de tratamientos de base quirúrgica.

En este trabajo se analizan los avances de la cuantificación mediante RM de las propiedades del cartílago articular, en concreto, los tiempos de relajación T2 y T1, la distribución del primer paso de un medio de contraste (estudio farmacocinético) y el porcentaje de realce tardío. Mediante el empleo de secuencias específicas y técnicas de cuantificación adecuadas, la RM permite evaluar parámetros tan importantes como la superficie, el espesor y el volumen del cartílago; la intensidad de la señal y las propiedades físicas relacionadas con la integridad del colágeno y el edema; la perfusión del cartílago y la permeabilidad de membrana relacionada con la neovascularización y la presencia de áreas con realce tardío, relacionadas con la concentración de proteoglicanos.

Esta información puede ayudar al diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad, establecer el grado de afectación, valorar el pronóstico, incidir en la decisión terapéutica y evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento. El estudio de las alteraciones estructurales y funcionales del cartílago mediante RM es un excelente biomarcador de la degeneración del cartílago.

Palabras clave:
Cartílago
Resonancia magnética
Biomarcadores
Artrosis
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
J.S. Bauer, S.J. Krause, C.J. Ross, R. Krug, J. Carballido-Gamio, E. Ozhinsky, et al.
Volumetric cartilage measurements of porcine knee at 1.5-T and 3.0-T MR imaging: Evaluation of precision and accuracy.
Radiology, 241 (2006), pp. 399-406
[2.]
M.P. Recht, D.W. Goodwin, C.S. Winalski, L.M. White.
MRI of articular cartilage: Revisiting current status and future directions.
AJR Am J Roentgenol, 185 (2005), pp. 899-914
[3.]
T.C. Dunn, Y. Lu, H. Jin, M.D. Ries, S. Majumdar.
T2 relaxation time of cartilage at MR imaging: Comparison with severity of knee osteoarthritis.
Radiology, 232 (2004), pp. 592-598
[4.]
H.E. Smith, T.J. Mosher, B.J. Dardzinski, B.G. Collins, C.M. Collins, Q.X. Yang, et al.
Spatial variation in cartilage T2 of the knee.
J Magn Reson Imaging, 14 (2001), pp. 50-55
[5.]
J.G. Waldschmidt, R.J. Rilling, A.A. Kajdacsy-Balla, M.D. Boynton, S.J. Erickson.
In vitro and in vivo MR imaging of hyaline cartilage: Zonal anatomy, imaging pitfalls and pathologic conditions.
Radiographics, 17 (1997), pp. 1387-1402
[6.]
G. Blumenkrantz, S. Majumdar.
Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis.
Eur Cell Mater, 13 (2007), pp. 76-86
[7.]
T.M. Link, R. Stahl, K. Woertler.
Cartilage imaging: Motivation, techniques, current and future significance.
Eur Radiol, 17 (2007), pp. 1135-1146
[8.]
X. Li, C. Benjamin Ma, T.M. Link, D.D. Castillo, G. Blumenkrantz, J. Lozano, et al.
In vivo T(1rho) and T(2) mapping of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis of the knee using 3T MRI.
Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 15 (2007), pp. 789-797
[9.]
L. Martí-Bonmatí, R. Sanz, D. Moratal.
Cuantificación de la captación en la resonancia magnética.
Medios de Contraste en Radiología, Primera Edición,
[10.]
R. Sanz, L. Martí-Bonmatí, J.L. Rodrigo, D. Moratal.
MR pharmacokinetic modeling of the patellar cartilage differentiates normal from pathological conditions.
J Magn Reson Imaging, 27 (2008), pp. 171-177
[11.]
L. Martí-Bonmatí, R. Sanz, A. Alberich.
Pharmacokinetic MR analysis of the cartilage is influence by field strength.
Eur J Radiol, (2009),
[12.]
H. Imhof, I.M. Nöbauer-Huhmann, C. Krestan, A. Gahleitner, I. Sulzbacher, S. Marlovits, et al.
MRI of the cartilage.
Eur Radiol, 12 (2002), pp. 2781-2793
[13.]
A. Williams, A. Gillis, C. McKenzie, B. Po, L. Sharma, L. Micheli, et al.
Glycosaminoglycan distribution in cartilage as determined by gadolinium- enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC): Potential clinical applications.
AJR Am J Roentgenol, 182 (2004), pp. 167-172
[14.]
K. Woertler, H. Buerger, J. Moeller, E.J. Rummeny.
Patellar articular cartilage lesions: In vitro MR imaging evaluation after placement in gadopentetate dimeglumine solution.
Radiology, 230 (2004), pp. 768-773

Note: section credited by the SEAFORMEC with 11.9 credits. Consult questions of every article in http://reumatolgiaclinica.org.

Copyright © 2009. Sociedad Española de Reumatología and Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología
Download PDF
Idiomas
Reumatología Clínica (English Edition)
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?