Original Article
Prevalence of Comorbidities in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Evaluation of Their Monitoring in Clinical Practice: The Spanish Cohort of the COMORA Study
Prevalencia de comorbilidades en artritis reumatoide y evaluación de su manejo en la clínica diaria: cohorte española del estudio COMORA
Alejandro Balsaa,
, Leticia Lojo-Oliveiraa, Mercedes Alperi-Lópezb, María García-Manriquec, Carmen Ordóñez-Cañizaresd, Lorena Péreze, Virginia Ruiz-Esquidef, Alfonso Corralesg, Javier Narváezh, José Rey-Reyi, Carlos Rodríguez-Lozanoj, Soledad Ojedaj, Santiago Muñoz-Fernándeze, Joan M. Nollah, José García-Torrónk, Fernando Gamerok, Rosario García-Vicuñal, Blanca Hernández-Cruzm, José Camposn, José Rosaso..., José Francisco García-Llorentep, Antonio Gómez-Centenoc, Rafael Cálizq, Raimon Sanmartíf, Alberto Bermúdezr, Lydia Abasolo-Alcázars, Antonio Fernández-Nebrod, Luis Rodríguez-Rodríguezs, Carlos Marrasr, Miguel Ángel González-Gayg, Ihsane Hmamouchit, Emilio Martín-MolaaVer más
Corresponding author
a Hospital Universitario La Paz IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
b Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Asturias, Spain
c Hospital Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
d Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
e Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
f Hospital Clínic IdiBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
g Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
h IDIBELL-Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
i Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Toledo, Spain
j Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
k Hospital San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres, Spain
l Hospital Universitario La Princesa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
m Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
n Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
o Hospital Marina Baixa de Villajoyosa, Alicante, Spain
p Hospital de Mendaro, Guipúzcoa, Spain
q Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
r Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
s IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
t Hôpital Provincial de Khémisset Laboratoire de Biostatistique, de Recherche Clinique et d’Epidémiologie (LBRCE), Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohamed-V, Rabat, Morocco
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Abbreviations: CV, cardiovascular.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to progressive joint deformity, disability and reduction of life expectancy. In addition to the consequences of the disease itself, patients with RA are at increased risk of developing comorbidities that contribute substantially to increased disability and worsened quality of life. Cardiovascular, lung and gastrointestinal diseases, malignancies, infections, psychiatric disorders, and osteoporosis are found to be more prevalent in patients with RA compared to the general population, mainly due to concomitant medication such as immunosuppressive drugs, immunomodulatory effects of the disease, and increased prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prognosis of RA has improved over years because of the considerable change in the treatment, which includes tight control, aiming for low disease activity or remission. However, comorbidities in RA are often underrecognized despite their impact on disease activity and treatment outcomes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>, and the awareness of most rheumatologists about their responsibility in their management.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Several studies, such as the international COMORA on prevalence of comorbidities in RA and their monitoring, reported that compliance with guidelines on how to detect and manage these comorbidities is far from optimal, and varies between countries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> To address this issue, EULAR has just published recommendations for comorbidity risk management in patients with RA,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> which are expected to be easily implemented in daily practice and will be of interest to evaluate in future studies. In Spain, the Society of Rheumatology of the Community of Madrid (SORCOM) has also developed practical recommendations to guide rheumatologists on optimal diagnosis and management.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">How Spain could better follow and implement such guidelines will be determined by the findings of the present study by showing the gap between recommendations and routine practices existing in 2012 in the management of RA comorbidities.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using data from the Spanish cohort of COMORA study, we describe the prevalence of comorbidities in patients with RA in Spain and discuss their management and implications in clinical practice. The rationale for a national sub-analysis of COMORA was the need to emphasize the mistakes that rheumatologists do in identifying and monitoring these conditions in RA and clarify the role they should have in this area.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study Design and Patients</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">COMORA was a cross-sectional, observational, multicenter, international study to evaluate variability in the prevalence of comorbidities and their risk factors between participating countries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted according to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by all local ethics review committees, with written informed consent obtained from all patients.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eligible patients in COMORA were at least 18 years old, fulfilled the 1987 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for RA, and were able to understand and complete the administered questionnaires.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 20 centers in Spain included patients in the COMORA study with an expected enrolment of at least 200 patients. Sample size of the COMORA has been previously reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Data Collected</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data collection in COMORA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> is briefly described below. For each patient, information was gathered by a study investigator during a face-to-face interview at a dedicated study visit and through review of the medical record.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Demographics and disease-related variables</span>. Information was collected on patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking habit, alcohol intake, marital and socioeconomic status, and educational level. Disease activity was measured by DAS28 based on the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and by C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Disease severity was assessed using the history of joint surgery to address structural damage caused by RA. Medications for RA (previous or current) including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids and conventional and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were also collected.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Past or current comorbidities.</span> The comorbidities evaluated were selected for the study by the scientific committee and were not all-inclusive: myocardial infarction or stroke, cancers (prostate, breast, uterus, colon, cutaneous melanoma, basal cell carcinoma of skin, lung) and lymphoma, gastrointestinal (diverticulitis, ulcers), hepatitis, pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma), and depression.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Coexisting risk factors.</span> Traditional CV risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, family history of myocardial infarction or sudden death) were collected along with risk factors for infections and cancers.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Management of RA-associated comorbidities.</span> Management practices were assessed based on other international cohorts,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> and recommendations of the French Society of Rheumatology and the French Ministry of Health in force at the time of COMORA.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive statistics were used for baseline characteristics, prevalence of comorbidities and associated risk factors, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The percentage of patients optimally screened for these comorbidities and managed according to national guidelines was calculated. To examine how the variables age, disease duration, HAQ (health assessment questionnaire) and DAS28 scores, and treatment with biologics affected the number of comorbidities, multivariate analysis was conducted.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Compliance with recommendations was analyzed according to the COMORA study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Briefly, CV risk assessment should be annual and patients older than 50 years with prior history of CV events or a Framingham risk score >20% (depending of the country) should have received any antithrombotic agent. Thresholds used were blood pressure (BP) >140/90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg for hypertension (except for patients with diabetes where it was >130/70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg), LDL cholesterol<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>the targeted value defined with regard to the number of additional CV risk factors for hypercholesterolemia, and blood glucose (BG) >1.26 for hyperglycemia. Screening procedures for prostate, breast, uterine, colon, skin and lung cancers included digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels, mammography, Papanicolau (Pap) smear, fecal occult blood test, colonoscopy, visit to dermatologist, and chest X-ray. Procedures for malignancy risk factors included family history of prostate or colon cancer and personal history of inflammatory bowel disease. Infections were optimally managed with a dental examination and influenza vaccination in the previous year, and a pneumococcal vaccination in the previous 5 years. The optimal screening for osteoporosis included a bone densitometry and current supplementation with vitamin D.</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Patient Characteristics</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. Mean age was 58.5 years and mean disease duration was 10.3 years. Disease activity was low, as shown by the mean DAS28 of 3.3, and approximately 25% of patients were in remission (DAS28 <2.6). At the time of the study, 94.5% of patients were taking DMARDs and 36.5% biological agents.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Prevalence of Comorbidities and Risk Factors</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 200 patients analyzed in the Spanish cohort, 44 (22%) had at least one comorbidity. This prevalence rate resulted from the exclusion of depression from the analysis since it was not formally diagnosed. These patients were significantly older (63.0 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span> 57.2 years; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.005), had worse HAQ scores (1.3 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span> 1.0; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.02), and exhibited higher CRP levels (6.8 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs</span> 3.1; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.01) than those without comorbidities. Patient age was the only factor independently associated with the presence of comorbidities (OR 1.038, 95% CI 1.007–1.069; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.014).</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a> shows the prevalence of comorbidities among RA Spanish patients. The most frequent were depression (past or current) (54 patients [27.0%, 95% CI 20.5%–33.2%]) and obesity (52 patients [26.0%, 95% CI 20.2%–32.8%]). A history of myocardial infarction or stroke was observed in 10 patients (5.0%, 95% CI 2.1%–8.5%) and 2 patients (1.0%, 95% CI 0.1%–3.7%), respectively, and any solid tumor in 12 patients (6.0%, CI 95% 3.1%–10.3%).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding risk factors for comorbidities (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>), the most frequent were those for CV risk: Framingham risk score >20% (102 patients [51.0%, 95% CI 43.4%–57.6%]), hypercholesterolemia (92 patients [46.0%, 95% CI 38.5%–52.7%]), hypertension (82 patients [41.0%, 95% CI 34.1%–48.2%]), obesity (52 patients [26.0%, 95% CI 20.2%–32.8%]), tobacco use within previous 3 years (50 patients [25.0%, 95% CI 19.2%–31.6%]), and diabetes (24 patients [12.0%, 95% CI 7.8%–17.3%]).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Screening Procedures for Comorbidities and Risk Factors</span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Cardiovascular Diseases</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Annual CV risk assessment, including BP measurement, total serum cholesterol (HDL and LDL), BG and serum creatinine, was performed in 81.5% of the patients. Among 11 patients with prior myocardial infarction or stroke, 5 (45.5%) were not currently receiving antithrombotic therapy. Thirty-two patients of 189 without a history of myocardial infarction or stroke, but older than 50 years and with a Framingham risk score >20% were not under antithrombotic therapy. Thus, 32 (18.5%) patients were not being optimally managed to prevent cardiovascular events (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). Among 131 patients without hypertension, 34 (26%) had elevated BP. Of 180 patients without diabetes, 4 (2.2%) had increased BG.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Infections</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the year before the study, 42.2% of patients had undergone a dental examination. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines were given to 7.0% and 17.5% of patients within the previous year and the last 5 years, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>). In only 2.1% of patients were both influenza and pneumococcal vaccination performed according to current recommendations. The percentage of patients on biological agents vaccinated against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span> was 30.1% and 8.2% against influenza.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Cancers</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among males aged 45–50 years without known prostate cancer, a digital rectal examination and PSA test had been performed in 58.3% and 27.8%, respectively. For breast cancer screening, 74.8% of women between the ages of 50 and 74 years without known breast cancer had a mammogram within the previous 2 years. For colon cancer, 21.8% and 14.5% of patients over 50 years old without known colon cancer underwent any colonoscopy and a fecal occult blood test, respectively. For uterine cancer, 64.3% of women aged 25–65 years had been screened within the previous 3 years with Pap smear. The rate of chest X-ray for lung cancer was 95.5%. For skin cancer, 19.1% of patients underwent a dermatological consultation, which was annually in the case of patients with more than 40 nevi.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Osteoporosis</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From diagnosis of RA, bone densitometry was performed in 36.6% of patients younger than 50 years and in 58.6% of those aged 50 years and older. Current vitamin D supplementation, however, was more frequent in patients younger than 50 years (93.3%) than in those aged 50 years and above (75%). Over half of patients (55.2%) were supplemented with vitamin D during prednisone treatment.</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Discussion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study shows that prevalence of comorbidities and CV risk factors in patients with established and advanced RA is relatively high in Spain, and evaluation of their monitoring is suboptimal despite being a country with an effective and accessible health system. The rate of 22% of at least one comorbidity found is lower as in other studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> but precisely this possible underestimation reflects their inadequate screening in RA. Indeed, if adequate screening for depression had been included in the analysis, this percentage may have actually been higher. The good control of disease that the Spanish cohort had at the time of the study may also have contributed to fewer rheumatology visits and, therefore, to inadequate systematic evaluation and monitoring of risk factors for comorbidities. The role of rheumatologists in the management of comorbidities is not clearly defined, and EULAR have published recommendations for their screening and prevention in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> We discuss how Spain could better implement such guidelines with the help of a consensus framework for the management of comorbidity in RA. To begin with, the clinical history, physical examination and electronic information need to be optimized.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Depression was the most frequent comorbidity reported in the Spanish cohort in 26% of patients, coherent with the high prevalence in RA which may reach 42%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This rate, however, vary among countries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and also according to the screening tool.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> In COMORA, depression was self-reported instead of using a validated scale and was finally excluded from the analysis. It would have been too ambitious to expect an appropriate management from a misdiagnosis, especially when the rheumatologists’ responsibility in this regard is not clear. In Spain, their role is limited to observing, looking for feelings of depression through annual patient history examination to ensure appropriate referral.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of obesity in the Spanish cohort (26%) is comparable to another national study,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> but well above than in general Spanish population (16% in men and 18% in women).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Obesity was not addressed in COMORA and, consequently, we cannot conclude whether strategies for its screening and prevention in Spain are optimally implemented. Nonetheless, from this prevalence we can infer that obesity remains uncontrolled and that patients do not receive medical advice on health promotion despite it being recommended in rheumatology practices along with an annual physical examination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Efforts are needed to ensure that health professionals caring for RA patients understand the importance of obesity and their competences, especially given the globally increasing prevalence and the rise in incidence of RA attributed to it.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 6% prevalence of CV events in Spain agrees with the latest national report in the general population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> However, the trend to an increased CV risk in RA is confirmed in our cohort, with over 40% of patients with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Almost all patients received an annual CV risk evaluation following EULAR recommendations,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and also coinciding with the minimal work-up should be done by rheumatologists, who must act as observers and advisors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> On the other hand, CV risk should be assessed according to national guidelines as they may differ among countries. In COMORA, the Framingham model was used instead of the calibrated Framingham-REGICOR function adapted to the Spanish population, which assigns a lower coronary risk category.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Hence, the classical Framingham equation had probably overestimated CV risk in the Spanish cohort. Nevertheless, a high percentage of patients were receiving antithrombotic therapy. The excess CV risk despite treatment might be explained by the presence of additional risk factors such as obesity and smoking in around a quarter of patients, two of the main extrinsic factors for RA and also for individualized CV risk, which do not seem to be targets in Spanish daily practice. Unfortunately, information concerning lifestyle medical advice was not available. In this regard, rheumatologists are advised to help their patients to quit smoking or change their diet using best-evidence based methods.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">RA patients in Spain are also regularly screened for prostate, breast, colon, cervix, and skin cancers, given the percentages of patients who never underwent a PSA test (41%), mammography for over two years (25%), colonoscopy (78%), Pap smear for over three years (36%) and never were referred to a dermatologist (81%), respectively. These results are somewhat comparable to previous studies that suggested an inadequate quality of care in RA patients,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> but also to others that showed similar cancer screening rates in patients with and without RA.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,19</span></a> This is why we cannot affirm that this suboptimal management is specific to RA, and neither can we expect that French recommendations for screening and prevention of malignancies used in COMORA are fully adapted to our local level. Far behind EULAR principles,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> screening procedures for breast and colon cancer risk factors were documented in only 10% and 18% of patients, respectively. The advanced age is associated with enhanced comorbidity and in our study, it seems to be the only predictive factor. If one third of RA patients are diagnosed at 60 years or older, the question is to what extent RA contributes to the risk for some comorbid illnesses other than explained by disease activity or its treatment.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Whereas management of osteoporosis seems to have improved over the years,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> it remains suboptimal in Spain since last report<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> even though half of patients were under prednisone and around menopausal age, two factors influencing osteoporosis risk in RA,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> and despite the responsibility of rheumatologists in decision-making and coordinating specialty referrals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The limited or no access to densitometry in several centers may have been responsible for the observed suboptimal bone mineral density testing. The high use of vitamin D among patients who had a bone densitometry would indicate the intention to prevent further bone loss, if not for the fact that 45% of corticosteroids users were not given prophylaxis, which in theory must be offered to all patients. These results could be explained in part by differences in prescribing patterns of antiosteoporotic drugs across Spain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Calcium supplementation as part of preventative therapies, particularly in patients receiving steroids and pharmacological interventions such as bisphosphonates, was not investigated in COMORA and, consequently, nor in the Spanish cohort.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As in other studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23,24</span></a> our patients were not adequately covered for influenza and pneumococcal immunization despite the susceptibility to infections due to comorbidities and treatment with corticosteroids and DMARDs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Nonetheless, the need for a greater immunization in patients on biological therapy is coherent with the high risk of infections related to biologics<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> and the effectiveness of those vaccinations against some agents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> In fact, the Spanish Society of Rheumatologist (SER) recommends vaccinating 100% of people treated with biological therapies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Further, patients receiving major immunosuppressants including biologics are less likely to be immunized for pneumococcal disease,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> which does not agree with the high rate that in our cohort were offered pneumococcal and no influenza vaccination. We do not believe that evidence of diminished or impaired immune responses to vaccines following immunomodulators had influenced this trend, especially when influenza vaccination is warranted to all RA patients regardless of treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> Although assisted by infectious disease specialists, rheumatologists should be in charge of serious infections by checking symptoms, vaccinations, and laboratory tests for CRP at every visit.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The possible biases in a prevalent cohort study of a chronic disease highlighted in COMORA, may have affected the estimation of some comorbidities. Other criticism is the small number of patients that could compromise the generalization of results. However, the consecutive inclusion of unselected patients from rheumatologist units across Spain in an observational setting ensures the representativeness of our sample. In fact, demographics and disease characteristics of this cohort mirror those from others indicating this sample reflects the general RA population.</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, findings from the Spanish cohort of COMORA confirm what growing evidence shows about poor control of comorbidities in RA and associated risk factors in daily practice. There are, however, several shortcomings in the design of the global COMORA that encourage considering the possibility that these results do not fully reflect practice in Spain. Regardless of this, efforts are need to reinforce health professionals’ awareness of the importance of a comprehensive approach to comorbidities as part of the care of patients with RA.</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0150">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.</p></span></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0155">Source of Funding</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was conducted with the support of an unrestricted grant from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Roche Ltd</span>.</p></span><span id="sec0100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0160">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A.B. has received research grants from Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Abbvie, BMS and UCB. He is consultant and a member of speakers’ bureaus for Pfizer and has received speaker honoraria from Pfizer, Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Abbvie, BMS and UCB. L.L.O. has received grant for Roche and payment for lectures from Roche and Abbvie. M.A.L. has received payment for consultancy, lectures and board membership from Roche, Abbvie, BMS and MSD. C.O.C. has received grant from Roche and payment for lectures from UCB. L.P.P. has received consulting fee or honorarium. A.C. has received grant form Roche. J.R.R. has received fees for participation in review activities from Roche and payment for lectures from Roche, Abbvie and BMS. S.O. has received grant from Roche. S.M.F. has received payment for consultancy from Roche. J.M.N. has received fees for participation in review activities, and payment for consultancy and lectures from MSD, UCB, Gebro, Amgen, Roche, BMS and Abbvie. R.G.V. has received grant from Roche and payment for consultancy from Actelion, BMS, Pfizer, Hospira, Janssen, Sandoz, UCB and Roche, payment for expert testimony from BMS, UCB, the Spanish Society of Rheumatology and grants/grants pending from MSD, Abbvie and Roche. B.H.C. has received grant from Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Gestión de la Investigación Pública de Sevilla, and support for travel to meetings from EULAR 2015. She is receiving payment for consultancy, lectures and board membership from Roche, Lilly, Bristol, Amgen, MSD, the Spanish Society of Rheumatology and Gebro Pharma, and grants/grants pending from Roche and the Andalusian Society of Rheumatology. J.C. has received grant from Roche. J.R.G. has received grant from Roche. J.F.G.L. has received grant from BIOEF and Osakidetza, payment for consultancy and lectures from Pfizer, Rovi, Abbvie, UCB, Roche, MSD, BMS and Novartis, and travel/accommodations meeting expenses unrelated to activities described from MSD, Abbvie, Pfizer, Roche, BMS, UCB, Janssen and Novartis. A.G.C. has received grant from Roche, and payment for consultancy, lectures and development of educational presentations from Roche, Pfizer, MSD, Abbvie, Sanofi, Rubió and Lilly, and meeting expenses from Roche and Pfizer. R.S. has received grant from Roche. L.A.A. has received grant from Roche. A.F.N. has received grant from Roche and payment for consultancy and lectures from Pfizer, Roche and Celgene. L.R.R. has received grant from Roche. M.A.G.G. has received payment for consultancy from Lilly and lectures from Abbvie, Roche, Bristol and Pfizer. E.M.M. has received grant from Roche and payment for consultancy, lectures and board membership from Sanofi, MSD, Pfizer, Roche, Biogen and Hospira. F.G., and I.H. did not declare the competing interests and the rest of the authors declare not to have any conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1156691" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1084015" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1156690" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1084016" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methods" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study Design and Patients" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Data Collected" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Patient Characteristics" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Prevalence of Comorbidities and Risk Factors" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Screening Procedures for Comorbidities and Risk Factors" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Cardiovascular Diseases" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Infections" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Cancers" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Osteoporosis" ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Ethical Disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Source of Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0100" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interests" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack394762" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2017-01-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2017-06-08" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1084015" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Rheumatoid arthritis" 1 => "Comorbidities" 2 => "Risk factors" 3 => "Prevalence" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1084016" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Artritis reumatoide" 1 => "Comorbilidades" 2 => "Factores de riesgo" 3 => "Prevalencia" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe the prevalence of comorbidities in patients with RA in Spain and discuss their management and implications using data from the Spanish cohort of the multinational study on COMOrbidities in Rheumatoid Arthritis (COMORA).</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This is a national sub-analysis of the COMORA study. We studied the demographics and disease characteristics of 200 adults patients diagnosed with RA (1987 ACR), and routine practices for screening and preventing the following selected comorbidities: cardiovascular, infections, cancer, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, osteoporosis and depression.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients had a mean age of 58 years and a mean RA duration of 10 years. Mean DAS28 score was 3.3 and approximately 25% of patients were in remission (DAS28 <2.6). Forty-four (22%) patients had ≥1 comorbidity, the most frequent being depression (27%) and obesity (26%). A history of myocardial infarction or stroke was observed in 5% and 1% of patients, respectively, and any solid tumor in 6%. Having a Framingham Risk Score >20% (51%), hypercholesterolemia (46%) or hypertension (41%) and smoking (25%) were the most common CV risk factors. For prostate, colon and skin cancers, only 9%, 10% and 18% of patients, respectively, were optimally monitored. Infections were also inadequately managed, with 7% and 17% of patients vaccinated against influenza and pneumococcal, respectively, as was osteoporosis, with 47% of patients supplemented with vitamin D and 56% with a bone densitometry performed.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In Spain, the prevalence of comorbidities and CV risk factors in RA patients with established and advanced disease is relatively high, and their management in clinical daily practice remains suboptimal.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir la prevalencia de comorbilidades en pacientes con AR en España y discutir sobre su manejo en la clínica diaria utilizando los datos de la cohorte española del estudio internacional COMORA.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Subanálisis nacional del estudio COMORA en el que se analizaron las características demográficas y clínicas de 200 pacientes con AR (1987 ACR) y las prácticas rutinarias para el cribado y la prevención de eventos cardiovasculares (CV), gastrointestinales y pulmonares, infecciones, cáncer, osteoporosis y depresión.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes tenían una edad media de 58 años, una duración media de la enfermedad de 10 años, un DAS28 de 3,3 y el 25% estaba en remisión (DAS28 <2,6). El 22% de los pacientes presentaba al menos una comorbilidad, principalmente depresión (27%) y obesidad (26%). El 5% tenía historia de infarto de miocardio, el 1% de ictus y el 6% de tumor sólido. Una puntuación de Framingham >20% (51%), tener hipercolesterolemia (46%), hipertensión (41%) y fumar (25%) fueron los factores de riesgo CV más comunes. En relación con el cáncer de próstata, colon y piel, solo el 9, 10 y el 18% de los pacientes, respectivamente, estaban óptimamente controlados. Las infecciones tampoco se manejaban de forma óptima, con solo el 7 y el 17% de los pacientes vacunados contra la influenza y neumococo, respectivamente, al igual que la osteoporosis, con el 47% suplementados con la vitamina D y el 56% con una densitometría realizada.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En España, la prevalencia de comorbilidades y factores de riesgo CV en pacientes con AR establecida y avanzada es relativamente alta, y su manejo en la clínica diaria continúa siendo subóptimo.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 964 "Ancho" => 2394 "Tamanyo" => 159158 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of comorbidities in Spanish patients with RA. Error bars represent the 95% confidence interval (CI) of percentages. There were no cases of lymphoma, lung cancer, prostate cancer and diverticulitis. Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1107 "Ancho" => 2458 "Tamanyo" => 153200 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and cancer. Error bars represent the 95% confidence interval (CI) of percentages. Abbreviations: IBD, inflammatory bowel disease.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1185 "Ancho" => 2475 "Tamanyo" => 176337 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentage of patients in Spain optimally monitored for comorbidities. Abbreviations: CV, cardiovascular.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Abbreviations: CRP, C-reactive protein; DAS28-ESR, disease activity score 28-erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HAQ, health assessment questionnaire; MTX, methotrexate; SD, standard deviation; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No.<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age (years), mean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">58.5 (12.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Female, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">158 (79.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking status (current smokers), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17 (8.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Educational level (university or secondary school), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">93 (46.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Overweight, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">118 (59.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Work status (currently employed), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">70 (35.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Disease duration (years), mean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">10.3 (8.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DAS28-ESR, mean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.3 (1.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">HAQ, mean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.1 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">CRP (mg/dL), mean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.9 (13.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">At least one comorbidity, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">44 (22.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Prednisone (currently taking), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">105 (52.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">NSAIDs use within the previous 3 months), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">112 (56.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DMARDs (ever treated), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">199 (99.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Number of prior DMARDs, mean (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.8 (1.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">DMARDs (currently taking), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">189 (94.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MTX (ever treated), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">193 (96.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">MTX (currently taking), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">149 (74.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Any biological therapy (ever treated), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">86 (43.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Any biological therapy (currently taking), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">73 (36.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Anti-TNF (ever treated), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">74 (37.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tocilizumab (ever treated), n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">15 (7.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1975042.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient Baseline Characteristics.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Co-morbidities in established rheumatoid arthritis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "N.J. 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Responsibility for opinions, conclusions and interpretation of data lies with the authors.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735743/0000001500000002/v1_201902280621/S2173574319300115/v1_201902280621/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "43294" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735743/0000001500000002/v1_201902280621/S2173574319300115/v1_201902280621/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004M&text.app=https://reumatologiaclinica.org/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173574319300115?idApp=UINPBA00004M" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 4 | 10 | 14 |
| 2024 October | 26 | 29 | 55 |
| 2024 September | 41 | 12 | 53 |
| 2024 August | 56 | 26 | 82 |
| 2024 July | 50 | 19 | 69 |
| 2024 June | 31 | 32 | 63 |
| 2024 May | 34 | 20 | 54 |
| 2024 April | 40 | 24 | 64 |
| 2024 March | 29 | 20 | 49 |
| 2024 February | 36 | 33 | 69 |
| 2024 January | 73 | 18 | 91 |
| 2023 December | 42 | 32 | 74 |
| 2023 November | 48 | 42 | 90 |
| 2023 October | 42 | 26 | 68 |
| 2023 September | 160 | 41 | 201 |
| 2023 August | 244 | 23 | 267 |
| 2023 July | 33 | 18 | 51 |
| 2023 June | 28 | 25 | 53 |
| 2023 May | 44 | 26 | 70 |
| 2023 April | 35 | 14 | 49 |
| 2023 March | 56 | 17 | 73 |
| 2023 February | 37 | 32 | 69 |
| 2023 January | 25 | 14 | 39 |
| 2022 December | 58 | 36 | 94 |
| 2022 November | 76 | 46 | 122 |
| 2022 October | 93 | 30 | 123 |
| 2022 September | 70 | 24 | 94 |
| 2022 August | 135 | 37 | 172 |
| 2022 July | 80 | 44 | 124 |
| 2022 June | 58 | 34 | 92 |
| 2022 May | 63 | 47 | 110 |
| 2022 April | 34 | 48 | 82 |
| 2022 March | 31 | 60 | 91 |
| 2022 February | 45 | 34 | 79 |
| 2022 January | 51 | 41 | 92 |
| 2021 December | 36 | 38 | 74 |
| 2021 November | 38 | 39 | 77 |
| 2021 October | 54 | 48 | 102 |
| 2021 September | 23 | 39 | 62 |
| 2021 August | 24 | 29 | 53 |
| 2021 July | 21 | 24 | 45 |
| 2021 June | 26 | 30 | 56 |
| 2021 May | 37 | 45 | 82 |
| 2021 April | 116 | 77 | 193 |
| 2021 March | 37 | 35 | 72 |
| 2021 February | 32 | 19 | 51 |
| 2021 January | 32 | 25 | 57 |
| 2020 December | 39 | 17 | 56 |
| 2020 November | 46 | 20 | 66 |
| 2020 October | 37 | 21 | 58 |
| 2020 September | 43 | 23 | 66 |
| 2020 August | 31 | 18 | 49 |
| 2020 July | 31 | 14 | 45 |
| 2020 June | 30 | 9 | 39 |
| 2020 May | 39 | 9 | 48 |
| 2020 April | 25 | 12 | 37 |
| 2020 March | 8 | 5 | 13 |
| 2019 July | 1 | 2 | 3 |
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