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        "titulo" => "Transferrina y ceruloplasmina en orina de pacientes con lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico&#46; &#191;Son &#250;tiles para diferenciar pacientes con nefritis l&#250;pica&#63;"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ROC curves for the diagnostic yield of CP and TF for LN &#40;A&#41;&#44; and diagnostic yield of CP and TF for active LN &#40;B&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41; is a chronic autoimmune disease involving multiple organs&#46; Although it can affect both sexes&#44; there is high incidence in females&#44; especially of childbearing age&#44; with a ratio of 9 women for every man suffering the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The kidney is one of the organs involved&#44; lupus nephritis &#40;LN&#41; has been documented in up to 50&#37; of patients&#44; and varies in severity and aggressiveness according to race&#44; since Hispanic or African American patients have higher rates of terminal chronic renal disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> The benchmark technique for diagnosing LN is currently renal biopsy&#44; and subsequent histopathological analysis of the sample&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> However&#44; it is an invasive method&#44; which is not without risk&#46; Therefore&#44; in the past decade multiple blood and urinary biomarkers have been investigated as candidates for non-invasive diagnosis of LN&#44; and to differentiate its activity&#59; these include urinary transferrin &#40;TF&#41; and ceruloplasmin &#40;CP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TF is a protein that is a member of the transferrin superfamily&#58; on average it weighs 76&#8211;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa&#44; it can bind to two atoms of ferric iron&#44; and plays a major role regulating multiple processes&#44; because most iron circulates freely to the tissues to supply their needs bound to FR&#44; the most dynamic portion of iron in the organism&#44; and adapts to the needs of the tissues&#59; this is due to its capture mediated by receptors&#44; especially TF1 &#40;TfR1&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> TF is also filtered in the glomerulus and then recaptured by TfR1&#44; which is expressed in the apical membrane of the cells of the proximal&#44; distal and collecting tubule&#44; representing a mechanism by which the tubular cells can obtain the iron necessary for their metabolism&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CP is a protein of 122<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa that carries most circulating copper&#59; its function is iron oxidase&#44; and this function is directly related to TF&#44; since CP is associated with oxidising ferrous iron to ferric iron so that it can then bind to TF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In SLE it has been it has been shown that the levels of molecules associated with iron metabolism&#44; such as ferritin&#44; may be increased&#44; because this can be induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6&#44; TNF-&#945; and IL-1a&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As mentioned above&#44; diagnostic alternatives to renal biopsy need to be found&#44; due to the risks it involves&#46; Moreover&#44; there are few studies of urinary biomarkers in Latin American patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The possible role of urinary concentrations of TF and CP as biomarkers of LN activity have been documented by Suzuki et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> reporting significantly higher levels of TF and CP in patients with greater renal activity&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the above reasons&#44; we planned to measure concentrations of TF and CP in urinary samples from a Columbian population with SLE to analyse the correlations between these biomarkers and measures of activity of the disease&#44; and to determine the discriminatory value of these biomarkers in LN&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patients</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One hundred and twenty patients were included prospectively&#44; diagnosed with SLE according to the revised American College of Rheumatology &#40;ACR&#41; classification criteria &#40;1082&#47;1997&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> in the San Vicente Fundaci&#243;n University Hospital&#44; between March 2015 and March 2016&#46; Patients with another concomitant autoimmune disease&#44; active infection &#40;urinary tract or systemic&#41;&#44; kidney replacement therapy&#44; human immunodeficiency virus and pregnancy were excluded&#46; All the patients gave their informed consent prior to taking the sample&#44; and this research study was approved by the bioethical committee of the San Vicente Fundaci&#243;n University Hospital&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The disease activity was scored with the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index</span> &#40;SLEDAI&#41;&#59; similarly&#44; renal activity was measured with the renal SLEDAI&#44; the damage caused by the disease was measured using the ACR &#40;SLICC&#41; damage index&#46; LN was diagnosed according to the ACR criteria to define LN&#46; Renal SLEDAI was measured using the following criteria&#58; presence of cylinders in the urinary sediment&#44; haematuria &#40;&#62;5 red blood cells&#47;HPF&#41;&#44; pyuria &#40;&#62;5 leukocytes&#47;HPF&#41;&#44; and proteinuria &#62;0&#46;5 in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of recent onset&#44; or increased proteinuria &#62;0&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g in 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; Active disease was defined as overall SLEDAI &#8805;4&#46; Clinically inactive LN was defined by the presence of the following criteria&#58; 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h proteinuria &#8804;500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; in active urinary sediment &#40;&#60;5 red blood cells&#47;HPF&#41;&#44; no red cell cylinders&#44; no leukocyturia &#40;&#60;5 leukocytes&#47;HPF&#41; and stable serum creatinine&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information of each renal biopsy was reported using the standard classification of the International Society of Nephrology&#47;Renal Pathology Society &#40;ISM&#47;RPS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The biopsy activity index and biopsy chronicity index &#40;BAI and BCI&#44; respectively&#41; were also calculated according the National Institute of Health scores&#46; The activity and chronicity of the LN were measured using the Austin index&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The items evaluated in the renal biopsy were&#44; for the activity index&#44; endocapillary hypercellularity&#44; leukocytic infiltration&#44; hyaline subendothelial deposits&#44; fibrinoid necrosis&#47;karyorrhexis&#44; epithelial crescents and interstitial inflammation&#46; For the chronicity index they were glomerulosclerosis&#44; fibrous crescents&#44; tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Samples</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A urinary sample was taken from each patient in the morning&#46; This sample was centrifuged at 1200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">g</span> for 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#59; then filtered with 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m membranes to eliminate cellular detritus&#44; and then were stored at &#8722;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C until they were analysed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Testing for antibodies and complement</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ANA antibodies were measured using the immunofluorescence technique&#58; double-stranded anti-DNA antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence on the protozoan <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Arithidia luciliae</span>&#46; Anti-Ro&#44; anti-La&#44; anti-Sm&#44; anti-RNP&#44; anti-C1q and anticardiolipin antibodies were measured by ELISA&#44; with commercial kits&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Complement level testing was carried out using nephelometry techniques&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Determination of proteinuria and creatinine clearance</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Proteinuria was determined from 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h urine collection using the kinetic alkaline picrate technique&#46; Creatinine clearance was measured with the turbidimetric technique&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Determination of transferrin and ceruloplasmin levels</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Urinary TF and CP were measured with commercial ELISA kits &#40;Assaypro&#44; USA&#41;&#44; following the manufacturer&#39;s instructions&#46; The laboratory staff were blinded to the patients&#8221; clinical and histopathological information&#46; Briefly&#44; this procedure consisted of incubating the samples&#44; in dishes sensitised with monoclonal antibody against TF and human CP&#44; then incubated with a biotinylated secondary antibody and an antibody conjugated with streptavidin peroxidase&#46; Finally&#44; the chromogenic substrate was added&#44; the reaction with hydrochloric acid was stopped and read at a wavelength of 450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm with correction of 570<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#46; Initially a test was carried out on 5 samples in duplicate at different dilutions &#40;1&#58;4 &#91;suggested by the manufacturer of the kit&#93;&#44; 1&#58;20 and 1&#58;100 for TF&#59; 1&#58;16 &#91;suggested by the manufacturer&#93;&#44; 1&#58;50&#44; 1&#58;100&#44; 1&#58;150 and 1&#58;200 for CP&#41;&#46; The TF determinations were made based on these tests with dilutions of 1&#58;4&#44; 1&#58;20 and 1&#58;100&#46; For the CP determinations dilutions of 1&#58;16 and 1&#58;150 were used&#46; In both tests a calibration curve with an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> of 0&#46;997 for TF and 0&#46;9958 for CP was obtained&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple variables were dichotomised for analysis&#46; The differences between the means in the variables with normal distribution were analysed using the parametric Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test&#44; and the variables with a non-normal distribution were analysed using the Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test&#46; An analysis of the concentrations of the biomarkers was done according to the BAI and BCI indices&#46; These variables were dichotomised in two categories &#40;BAI &#8805;7&#44; BCI &#8805;4&#41;&#44; as associated variables with a worse prognosis&#46; In addition&#44; an analysis was carried out of the subgroups according to race&#44; analysing TF and CP concentrations among the mestizo patients and the African Americans&#46; The correlations between the biomarker concentrations&#44; SLEDAI and the range of proteinuria were analysed using Spearman&#39;s correlation coefficients&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ROC curves were constructed for CP and TF to evaluate their diagnostic yield for kidney involvement&#46; The areas under the curve were considered exceptional &#40;1&#8211;0&#46;9&#41;&#44; excellent &#40;0&#46;9&#8211;0&#46;81&#41;&#44; good &#40;0&#46;8&#8211;0&#46;71&#41;&#44; fair &#40;0&#46;7&#8211;0&#46;61&#41;&#44; and poor &#40;0&#46;6&#8211;0&#46;5&#41;&#46; SPSS &#40;IBM SPSS version 23&#46;0&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41; was used for the statistical analysis and GraphPad Prism &#40;GraphPad Software version 7&#46;0&#44; San Diego&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The information about the patients is summarised in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Of 120 patients&#44; 85&#37; were female&#59; 76&#37; mestizo&#44; and with a mean SLEDAI of 8&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;9&#46; In addition&#44; 64&#46;4&#37; had kidney involvement&#44; with mean proteinuria over 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of 20&#44;241<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2695&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#46; The use of prednisolone&#44; cyclophosphamide&#44; and mycophenolate mofetil was significantly higher in the patients with LN compared to those without LN&#46; On the other hand&#44; the patients with LN had significantly higher serosa involvement compared to the patients with no kidney involvement &#40;44&#46;1&#37; vs 15&#46;4&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;002&#41;&#46; The mean time of duration of the LN at the time the biomarkers were measured was 3&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;6 years&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the total of 76 patients with LN&#44; 55 &#40;72&#37;&#41; had a diagnosis confirmed by biopsy&#46; One patient was classified as class II&#44; and 5 patients as class II&#44; 36 &#40;65&#46;5&#37;&#41; patients had proliferative forms &#40;16 class IIl patients and 20 class IV patients&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; 13 &#40;23&#46;6&#37;&#41; patients had class V LN&#46;</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Urinary biomarkers</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The urinary concentrations of CP were significantly higher in patients with LN compared to patients without LN &#40;630&#46;73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1232&#46;23 vs 63&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>160&#46;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the TF levels were also significantly higher in the patients with LN compared to the patients without LN &#40;7083&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2997&#46;33 vs 2244&#46;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2743&#46;38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A and B&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; it was assessed whether the levels of CP and TF correlated with LN activity&#44; comparing the levels of the patients with active nephritis with patients without LN activity&#46; The concentrations of CP were significantly greater in patients with active LN than those with inactive LN &#40;742&#46;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1236&#46;81 vs 309&#46;38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1081<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41;&#59; similarly&#44; TF levels were significantly higher in the patients with active LN &#40;8294<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1427&#46;06 vs 3627&#46;82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3677&#46;19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C and D&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No statistically significant differences were found of levels of CP or TF among the different classes of LN &#40;data not presented&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concentrations of TF and CP were analysed according to the presence of a BAI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7 and a BCI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46; Concentrations of CP were significantly higher in patients with a BAI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#59; among the specific items of the Austin index&#44; the concentrations of CP were significantly higher in patients with epithelial crescents &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; There were no significant differences in levels of TF with respect to the BAI&#44; BCI and the different items of the Austin index&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the analysis by race&#44; we found that the patients of Afro-Latin American origin had significantly higher concentrations of urinary TF &#40;6638&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3250 vs 5017&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3778&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;01&#41; than the mestizo patients&#44; but we found no significant differences with regard to concentrations of CP &#40;4843<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>709 vs 4189<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1123&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;57&#41;&#46; In patients with NL&#44; concentrations of urinary TF were also significantly higher in Afro-Latin Americans than in mestizos&#44; but there were no differences in CP concentrations &#40;data not presented&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Correlation between biomarkers and clinical characteristics</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A statistically significant positive correlation was found between concentrations of TF and SLEDAI &#40;rho<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;475&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41; and the range of proteinuria &#40;rho<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;412&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; the concentrations of TF and CP correlated positively with each other&#44; a finding that was statistically significant &#40;rho<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;345&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;001&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; there was no correlation between concentrations of CP and the range of proteinuria or the SLEDAI &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#8211;D&#41;&#46; A statistically significant positive correlation was also found between the modified SLEDAI without including the kidney domain scores and the urinary TF concentrations &#40;rho<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;253&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;05&#41; &#40;data not presented&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ROC curves for discriminating LN determined an excellent diagnostic value for CP &#40;AUC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;84&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;76&#8211;0&#46;92&#41;&#44; and TF &#40;AUC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;86&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;79&#8211;0&#46;93&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; both biomarkers performed well for diagnosing active LN&#44; both TF &#40;AUC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;82&#44; 95&#37;CI&#58; 0&#46;66&#8211;0&#46;88&#41; and CP &#40;AUC<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;77&#44; 95&#37; CI&#58; 0&#46;71&#8211;0&#46;92&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Discussion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; we found concentrations of TF and CP that were significantly higher in patients with LN compared to those without LN&#46; Similarly&#44; the concentrations of both biomarkers were significantly higher in patients with active LN than those without kidney activity&#46; Furthermore&#44; a positive correlation was found between concentrations of TF&#44; SLEDAI and 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h proteinuria&#46; We also found a positive correlation between concentrations of CP and concentrations of TF&#46; Regarding the performance of these biomarkers&#44; we found excellent diagnostic value for both in determining the presence of LN&#59; they also had good discriminatory power &#40;TF and CP&#41; in determining LN activity&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These results are in line with those of some previous studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;14</span></a> In a multi-centre&#44; initial validation study of a panel of biomarkers for the diagnosis of active LN undertaken in the United States and Canada on a principally African American and Caucasian population&#44; it was found the concentrations of TF and CP were found to be higher in the patients with active LN&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> On the other hand&#44; another international validation study of a panel of biomarkers found that concentrations of TF and CP and other biomarkers were significantly higher in patients with active LN compared to patients without LN&#59; in this study&#44; CP&#44; TF and other biomarkers strongly correlated with each other&#46; This panel of biomarkers had an excellent AUC of 0&#46;952&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Another study&#44; performed in Cincinnati by Brunner et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> on a cohort of 76 patients&#44; of whom 46&#37; were African Americans and 43&#37; Caucasians analysed the association between urinary biomarkers and the histological characteristics of the kidney biopsy for LN&#44; and found that TF and CP&#44; among other biomarkers&#44; differentiated between high and low BAI scores &#40;&#8805;7&#41;&#46; We replicated this finding in our study&#44; since CP concentrations were significantly higher in the patients with BAI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46; Likewise&#44; a significant correlation between CP concentration and the kidney SLEDAI &#40;K-SLEDAI&#41; was found&#46; CP formed part of a panel of activity predictor variables &#8805;7 in the kidney biopsy&#44; with an AUC of 0&#46;85&#46; On the other hand&#44; TF formed part of a predictive panel for membranous LN &#40;class V&#41;&#44; with an AUC of 0&#46;75&#46; In this study we found no differential levels between classes of LN and concentrations of urinary TF and CP&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the same manner&#44; it has been reported that CP and TF concentrations&#44; in combination with other biomarkers&#44; are higher in patients with LN who respond to therapy&#44; compared to non-responders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Given the nature of our study&#44; the relationship between clinical response and biomarker concentrations was not possible to establish&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As already established in other diseases in which kidney damage occurs &#8211; such as Fanconi&#39;s syndrome&#44; where urinary TF concentrations have been found to be elevated&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> high concentrations of TF and CP in LN might be due to the fact that the cells suffer a degree of hypoxia that stimulates the expression of iron response elements and iron regulatory proteins &#40;IRE and IRP&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; and in turn to increased iron uptake through TF&#44; and thanks to the ferro-oxidase action of CP&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has some limitations&#46; As we mention above&#44; the cross-sectional design of the study did not enable us to evaluate the behaviour of biomarkers over time or their relationship with treatment&#46; Likewise&#44; we did not have a healthy control group to perform the comparative analysis&#46; Furthermore&#44; our study was undertaken in a university referral hospital with a cohort of patients with highly complex SLE&#44; as shown by the high activity indices&#44; which mean our results cannot be extrapolated to patients with milder forms of SLE&#46; Finally&#44; although this study was performed in a highly complex centre&#44; not all the patients had access to a kidney biopsy&#44; either because it was not considered appropriate by the clinician&#44; or due to administrative difficulties&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; some of the strengths of our study were that it is the first to study concentrations of TF and CP in mestizo and Afro-Latin American patients&#44; reporting differences in the concentration of the biomarkers between subgroups&#44; the strict selection process of patients with SLE&#44; discounting patients with concomitant autoimmune disorders&#44; or active infectious processes&#44; and its systematic process of gathering&#44; storing and processing the urine samples&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; in our study we found that TF and CP are biomarkers with the potential to differentiate LN&#44; and even to serve as markers for it&#44; which could be a non-invasive alternative to kidney biopsy for some selected patients&#44; or for patients with no access to kidney biopsy&#44; although these results still have to be validated prospectively&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As future perspectives&#44; we expect to validate these results in patients with SLE throughout Latin America&#44; in collaboration with the Latin American Lupus Study Group &#40;GLADEL&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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              "titulo" => "Testing for antibodies and complement"
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              "titulo" => "Determination of proteinuria and creatinine clearance"
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              "titulo" => "Determination of transferrin and ceruloplasmin levels"
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              "titulo" => "Urinary biomarkers"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2017-09-22"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2018-02-08"
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            0 => "Transferrin"
            1 => "Ceruloplasmin"
            2 => "Nephritis"
            3 => "Biomarkers"
            4 => "Systemic lupus erythematosus"
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          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Transferrina"
            1 => "Ceruloplasmina"
            2 => "Nefritis"
            3 => "Biomarcadores"
            4 => "Lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Diagnosis of lupus nephritis &#40;LN&#41; is usually based on renal biopsy&#44; which is an invasive technique that involves multiple risks&#46; Therefore&#44; different biomarkers have emerged as alternatives for the diagnosis of LN&#46; Nonetheless&#44; studies regarding urinary biomarkers in Latin American patients are limited&#46; The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic value of urinary transferrin and ceruloplasmin to differentiate patients who have renal involvement from those who do not&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41; patients that met the revised American College of Rheumatology &#40;ACR&#41; classification criteria were recruited&#46; Patients with another autoimmune disease&#44; active infection &#40;urinary tract or systemic infection&#41;&#44; renal replacement therapy&#44; human immunodeficiency virus infection or pregnancy were excluded&#46; A urine sample was collected from each patient&#46; LN was diagnosed according to ACR criteria&#46; The activity and chronicity of LN were measured using the Austin indices&#46; Urinary transferrin and ceruloplasmin levels were measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay &#40;ELISA&#41; kits&#46; Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test and Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test were used to compare data&#46; Spearman&#39;s rank correlation was used to determine associations&#46; Lastly&#44; receiver operating characteristic &#40;ROC&#41; curves were created&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study involved 120 SLE patients&#46; In all&#44; 85&#37; were female&#44; 76&#37; mestizo&#44; the mean age was 32&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>years and mean systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index &#40;SLEDAI&#41; was 8&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;9&#59; 64&#37; had renal involvement&#46; Urinary levels of the two biomarkers were significantly higher in patients with LN compared to those without LN&#46; Similarly&#44; urinary levels of both biomarkers were significantly higher in patients with active LN compared to those with inactive LN&#46; Furthermore&#44; urinary transferrin levels were significantly higher in Afro-Latin American patients&#46; On the other hand&#44; urinary transferrin levels correlated with SLEDAI and proteinuria&#44; and transferrin and ceruloplasmin levels correlated with each other&#46; The diagnostic value of ROC curves for these urinary biomarkers for LN were good&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In our cohort of SLE patients&#44; we found that transferrin and ceruloplasmin were potential biomarkers for LN&#44; and can even differentiate active LN&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background and objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El diagn&#243;stico de la nefritis l&#250;pica &#40;NL&#41; se suele hacer con la biopsia renal&#44; que es una t&#233;cnica invasiva que conlleva m&#250;ltiples riesgos&#46; Por lo tanto&#44; han surgido diferentes biomarcadores en orina como posibles alternativas para el diagn&#243;stico de la NL&#46; Sin embargo&#44; los estudios de biomarcadores en orina de pacientes latinoamericanos con lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico &#40;LES&#41; son escasos&#59; por lo tanto&#44; el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el valor diagn&#243;stico de la transferrina &#40;TF&#41; y la ceruloplasmina &#40;CP&#41; en orina&#44; para diferenciar los pacientes que tienen compromiso renal de aquellos que no&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron prospectivamente pacientes con diagn&#243;stico de LES de acuerdo a los criterios del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">American College of Rheumatology</span> &#40;ACR&#41;&#46; Se excluyeron los pacientes con otra enfermedad autoinmune concomitante&#44; infecci&#243;n activa &#40;de v&#237;as urinarias o sist&#233;mica&#41;&#44; terapia de reemplazo renal&#44; infecci&#243;n por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y embarazo&#46; A cada paciente se le tom&#243; una muestra de orina&#46; El diagn&#243;stico de NL se realiz&#243; mediante los criterios ACR para la definici&#243;n de NL&#46; La actividad y la cronicidad de la NL en la biopsia renal fueron medidas con el &#237;ndice de Austin&#46; La determinaci&#243;n de los niveles de TF y CP se realiz&#243; con kits comerciales de ELISA&#46; Se utiliz&#243; la prueba t de Student y la prueba U de Mann Whitney para comparar los datos&#46; Para determinar las asociaciones entre las variables se utilizaron los coeficientes de correlaci&#243;n de Spearman&#46; Por &#250;ltimo&#44; se construyeron curvas ROC&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se incluyeron 120 pacientes con LES&#44; de los cuales el 85&#37; fueron de sexo femenino&#46; El 76&#37; fueron de raza mestiza&#46; Presentaron una edad media de 32&#44;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>a&#241;os&#44; y una media del SLEDAI de 8&#44;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#44;9&#44; y un 64&#37; presentaron compromiso renal&#46; Los niveles de ambos biomarcadores fueron significativamente mayores en pacientes con NL comparados con aquellos sin NL&#46; De igual manera&#44; los niveles de ambos biomarcadores fueron significativamente mayores en pacientes con NL activa comparados con aquellos con NL inactiva&#46; Los niveles de TF fueron significativamente mayores en pacientes afro-latinoamericanos&#46; Por otro lado&#44; las concentraciones de TF se correlacionaron con el SLEDAI y el rango de proteinuria&#44; y las concentraciones de TF y CP se correlacionaron entre s&#237;&#46; Las curvas ROC para ambos biomarcadores mostraron un buen valor diagn&#243;stico de la NL&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En nuestra cohorte de pacientes con LES encontramos que la TF y la CP son potenciales biomarcadores para el diagn&#243;stico de la NL e&#44; incluso&#44; de la actividad de la NL&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Urrego T&#44; Ortiz-Reyes B&#44; Vanegas-Garc&#237;a AL&#44; Mu&#241;oz CH&#44; Gonz&#225;lez LA&#44; V&#225;squez G&#44; et al&#46; Transferrina y ceruloplasmina en orina de pacientes con lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico&#46; &#191;Son &#250;tiles para diferenciar pacientes con nefritis l&#250;pica&#63; Reumatol Cl&#237;n&#46; 2020&#59;16&#58;17&#8211;23&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Urinary concentrations of CP and TF according to the presence of LN and the activity of LN&#46; &#40;A&#41; Urinary CP concentrations of patients with LN and without LN&#46; &#40;B&#41; Urinary concentrations of TF of patients with LN or without LN &#40;C&#41; Urinary concentrations of CP with active LN and inactive LN&#46; &#40;D&#41; Urinary concentrations of TF of patients with active LN and inactive LN&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlations between the biomarkers&#44; disease activity and proteinuria&#46; Correlation between urinary concentrations of CP and TF and the SLEDAI &#40;A and B&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; and between concentrations of CP and TF and 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h proteinuria &#40;C and D&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ROC curves for the diagnostic yield of CP and TF for LN &#40;A&#41;&#44; and diagnostic yield of CP and TF for active LN &#40;B&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total SLE patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>120&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lupus nephritis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>76&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non-lupus nephritis &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>44&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean age &#40;years<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;011&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean duration of disease &#40;years<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;038&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean SLEDAI &#40;score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Race</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mestizo &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#40;76&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;70&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36 &#40;87&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;039&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Afro-Latin American &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;21&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;28&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;10&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;024&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical features</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Skin involvement &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>joint involvement &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Haematological involvement &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Serositis &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Kidney involvement &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mean 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h proteinuria &#40;mg&#47;dl<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2024&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2695&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2310&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2779&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">105&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>62&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Prednisolone &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; on occasion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">98&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">84&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Antimalarials &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; on occasion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">94&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cyclophosphamide &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; on occasion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mycophenolate mofetil &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; on occasion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rituximab &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; on occasion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypocomplementaemia &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; on occasion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">61&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypocomplementaemia C3 &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&#47;69 &#40;64&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#47;31 &#40;41&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypocomplementaemia C4 &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#47;100 &#40;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&#47;69 &#40;74&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#47;31 &#40;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Anti-ds DNA antibodies &#40;&#37;&#41;&#44; on occasion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Elevated anti-ds DNA antibodies &#40;&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&#47;105 &#40;69&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">64&#47;75 &#40;85&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#47;30 &#40;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">TF &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="12" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">AI</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Endocapillary hypercellularity</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7530&#46;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2511&#46;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">396&#46;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>115&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7514&#46;37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2507&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">239&#46;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>98&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Leukocytic infiltration</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8726&#46;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>516&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">390&#46;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>460&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8254&#46;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1001&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">344&#46;81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>341&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Subendothelial hyaline deposits</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8451&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>749&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">244&#46;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>278&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8540&#46;31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>931&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">546&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>492&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fibrinoid necrosis&#47;karyorrhexis</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7767&#46;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2570&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">394&#46;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>495&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7475&#46;64<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2497&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">346&#46;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>314&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Epithelial crescents</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7359&#46;85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2787&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">493&#46;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>485&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#46;017</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7672&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2339&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">228&#46;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>219&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Interstitial inflammation</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7525&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2416&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">400&#46;31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>447&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7550&#46;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2738&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">208&#46;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>210&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">CI</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Glomerulosclerosis</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2447&#46;88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3638&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">351&#46;89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>428&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1671&#46;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>452&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">353&#46;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>392&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fibrous crescents</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6931&#46;40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2901&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">NS</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7675&#46;04<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2431&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                            3 => "S&#46;V&#46; Seshan"
                            4 => "C&#46;E&#46; Alpers"
                            5 => "G&#46;B&#46; Appel"
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was financed by Colciencias &#40;call 656 of 2014&#41;&#44; Francisco Jos&#233; de Caldas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Patrimonio aut&#243;nomo Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento para la ciencia&#44; la tecnolog&#237;a y la innovaci&#243;n</span> &#40;Autonomous National Heritage Fund for Financing Science&#44; Technology and Innovation&#41;&#44; and by the sustainability programme of the University of Antioquia&#46;</p>"
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