Subclinical synovitis measured by ultrasound in rheumatoid arthritis patients with clinical remission induced by synthetic and biological modifying disease drugs

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(A) Algorithm proposed by Hadji et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">18</a> (B): risk factor list proposed by the Spanish Society of Rheumatology.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">21</a>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Purificación Martínez, Elena Galve, Virginia Arrazubi, M. Ángeles Sala, Seila Fernández, Clara E. Pérez, Juan F. Arango, Iñaki Torre" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Purificación" "apellidos" => "Martínez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elena" "apellidos" => "Galve" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Virginia" "apellidos" => "Arrazubi" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M. Ángeles" "apellidos" => "Sala" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Seila" "apellidos" => "Fernández" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Clara E." "apellidos" => "Pérez" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan F." "apellidos" => "Arango" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Iñaki" "apellidos" => "Torre" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173574319300760?idApp=UINPBA00004M" "url" => "/21735743/0000001500000004/v1_201906210912/S2173574319300760/v1_201906210912/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Subclinical synovitis measured by ultrasound in rheumatoid arthritis patients with clinical remission induced by synthetic and biological modifying disease drugs" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "218" "paginaFinal" => "222" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Marcos Cruces, Soham Al Snih, Natalí Serra-Bonett, Juan C. Rivas" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Marcos" "apellidos" => "Cruces" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "marcoscruces48@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Soham" "apellidos" => "Al Snih" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Natalí" "apellidos" => "Serra-Bonett" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juan C." "apellidos" => "Rivas" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Reumáticas, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Sinovitis subclínica medida por ultrasonido en pacientes con artritis reumatoide en remisión clínica inducida por fármacos modificadores de la enfermedad sintéticos y biológicos" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane or synovitis that causes destruction of the intra-articular and periarticular structures.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">1</a> Modern treatment for RA has helped many patients achieve higher levels of clinical remission.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">2</a> However, the progress of joint damage has been shown to be associated with subclinical inflammation as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">3,4</a> US synovitis has been assessed by gray scale and power Doppler, with power Doppler positive signal indicating active synovitis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">5</a>Several studies have shown subclinical inflammation by MRI and US.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">3–7</a> For example, Brown et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">6</a> found, in RA patients in clinical remission treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD), that 92.6% had synovitis and 46.4% had bone edema as shown by MRI; and US showed that 73% had gray-scale synovial hypertrophy and 43% had increased power Doppler signal. Saleem et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">7</a> studied 100 RA patients with disease remission, half induced by DMARD and half induced by the combination of TNF blockade and methotrexate, to determine whether the difference in radiographic outcome results from more complete suppression of imaging detecting synovitis. They found that the proportion of patients in remission did not differ on imaging (16% for DMARD vs 10% for combination therapy). However, the combination treatment group had more gray scale synovitis but similar power Doppler activity (60% DMARD vs 48% combination therapy).Because patients with disease in clinical remission might show subclinical synovitis, we assessed whether DMARD and anti-TNFα therapy induced clinical remission differed by US. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine and compare the degree of synovial inflammation (subclinical activity) by gray scale and power Doppler signal on US in patients with RA in clinical remission, treated with DMARD or combination therapy with DMARD and anti-TNFα; and (2) to examine the correlation between clinical and biological variables with US findings.Patients and MethodsIn this hospital-based cross-sectional study, 58 patients with RA who attended the Rheumatology Service at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas were assessed. Inclusion criteria were: 1. Fulfilling the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">8</a>; and 2. Sustained clinical remission induced by DMARD or by DMARD and anti TNFα (combination therapy) for at least six months, defined as a Disease Activity Score 28 joints (DAS28) below 2.6.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">9</a> Patients underwent clinical, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">10</a> laboratory, and musculoskeletal US assessments. All patients signed inform consent and the study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the institution. A rheumatologist performed the clinical evaluation and two rheumatologist trained in musculoskeletal US (which were blinded to clinical and laboratory data) performed the US assessment.A My Lab 25 ESAOTE US machine with a 10–18MHz linear transducer was used to perform US assessment. The gray scale and power Doppler parameters were standardized between sonographers and the pulse repetition frequency for power Doppler was adjusted to 0.7 to maximize sensitivity. To measure inter-observer variability prior to the inclusion of patients, 30 patient images with RA were randomly selected from an image bank and assessed by Sonographer 1 (MC) and Sonographer 2 (JC) for the presence/absence of synovial effusion, synovial hypertrophy, and power Doppler signal. The Kappa coefficient for the inter-observer variability between Sonographer 1 and Sonographer 2 was 0.61, 0.52, and 1.00, respectively (good, moderate, and excellent agreement). Six months later, these 30 images of patients with RA were reassessed for the intra-observer variability. The Kappa coefficient for synovial effusion and synovial hypertrophy was 0.74 and 0.8, respectively (good agreement) for Sonographer 1. The Kappa coefficient for synovial effusion and synovial hypertrophy was 0.67 and 0.92, respectively, for Sonographer 2 (good and excellent agreement). There is no international agreement about which joints should be assessed by US to measure subclinical activity in patients with RA. US was performed in the hands (wrist, 2nd to 5th MCF, and 2nd to 5th IFP, bilateral) following the technique described by Backhaus et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">11</a> assessing effusion and synovial hypertrophy by gray scale US and power Doppler signal (OMERACT definition).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">12</a> To quantify synovial effusion and synovial hypertrophy, a validated semiquantitative scale was used, where 0=none and 3=severe.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">13</a> To quantify power Doppler signal (active synovitis), a validated semiquantitative scale was used, where 0=absent (without synovial flow), 1=mild (≤3 isolated signals), 2=moderate (≥3 isolated signals or confluent signals in less than half of the synovial area), and 3=severe (signals in more than half of the synovial area).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">13</a> Eighteen joints in 58 patients (n=1040 joints) were evaluated. A total score of gray scale and power Doppler signal (the addition of synovial effusion, synovial hypertrophy and power Doppler signal scores of each evaluated joint) for each patient was calculated. There is no consensus about the definition of US remission in RA patients. We considered US remission a total US score of gray scale and power Doppler signal equal to 0. Demographic, clinical, functional, biological, and musculoskeletal US were compared between patients with DMARD and those with combination therapy.Statistical Analysist-Test was used for variables with normal distribution, Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney for variables with non-normal distribution, and Chi-square or Fisher Exact tests for categorical variables. Correlations between clinical, HAQ, biological, and US variables were performed using the Spearman correlation test. For all analyses, a two-tailed approach was used and statistical significance was assigned when type I error probability was equal to or less than 5% (p<0.05). All analyses were performed using the SAS System for Windows, version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC).ResultsThe mean age was 52±11.45 years and 91% were women. The average disease duration was 7±4.8 years and the average month in clinical remission was 21±12.6. Out of 58 patients, 37 were in the DMARD group and 21 in the combination therapy group. Ninety-five percent had rheumatoid factor positive. Anti-CCP was performed in 39 patients and was positive in 79% of the cases. The mean DAS28 was 2.2±0.4 and the mean HAQ was 0.24±0.3. One hundred percent of the 58 patients received DMARD, of whom 86% (n=50) received methotrexate alone or in combination with another DMARD or biologic therapy (81% of combination therapy group received MTX). Non-significant differences in demographics, clinical, physical function, and biological variables were found between the two groups (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Only 25.9% had remission by US and 74.1% had synovial effusion or hypertrophy or positive power Doppler signal. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> presents synovitis detected by US in patients with DMARD and combination therapy. In total, 72.4% had synovial effusion, 43.1% synovial hypertrophy, and 24.1% positive power Doppler signal. In the DMARD group (n=37), 67.6% had synovial effusion, 35.1% synovial hypertrophy, and 24.3% positive power Doppler signal. In the combination therapy group (n=21), 80.9% had synovial effusion, 57.1% synovial hypertrophy, and 23.8% positive power Doppler signal. Non-significant differences in the US variables were found between the two groups.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Correlation between clinical, HAQ, and biological variables with US findings (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>) showed a statistically significant positive correlation only between the number of swollen joints and synovial hypertrophy assessed by US (correlation coefficient=0.28).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionThis study evaluated and compared the degree of synovial inflammation (subclinical activity) by gray scale and power Doppler signals on US in patients with RA in clinical remission, treated with DMARD or combination therapy with DMARD and anti-TNF. Synovitis was detected using US gray scale and power Doppler signal in a high percentage of the patients, which implies that they are at high risk of disease progression and structural joint damage. Several studies have shown that sustained inflammation, measured by US, has been associated not only with progression of joint damage but also with relapses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">3–6,14</a> This association is very important for clinicians treating RA patients, because these results suggest that US should be a part of the evaluation of patients with RA in clinical remission, to detect those at risk of joint damage and consider adjusting their therapy appropriately.We did not find significant differences in the percentages of synovial effusion, synovial hypertrophy, and power Doppler signal between patients with DMARD and those with combination therapy. Our results are similar to the study of Saleem et al., although they reported a higher gray scale synovitis in the combination therapy group (a group with a longer duration of disease).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">7</a> This could mean that the degree of subclinical inflammation is independent of the treatment used to achieve clinical remission. Although clinical remission is achieved, US assessment is important to determine which patients are at high risk of joint damage.The evaluation of correlations between clinical and biological variables with US variables showed a positive correlation between the number of swollen joints and synovial hypertrophy assessed by US. Patients in this study had established disease and the persistency of joint inflammation could correlate with thickening of the synovial tissue, allowing the US to detect joint damage and through the positive power Doppler signal to detect active synovitis.This study has some limitations. First, the use of DAS28 to classify patients in clinical remission allows patients with few painful and/or swollen joints remain in the range of remission and does not evaluate joints from the feet, which can mistakenly classify patients with mild or moderate activity. The Simple Disease Activity Index (SDAI) and the ACR/EULAR definition of remission reported in 2011 could represent more accurate indices to assess remission in patients evaluated by US.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">15,16</a> However, the DAS28 is widely used in most studies to assess RA activity and is the index used by the Rheumatology Service of our hospital. Second, low-grade power Doppler and gray scale ultrasound signals may not necessarily reflect the presence of active synovitis in RA joints.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">17</a> Indeed, 11% of the joints of healthy volunteers showed power Doppler signals for joint activity,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">18</a> likely corresponding to the presence of physiologic vessels. A score of gray scale or power Doppler signal ≥2 in a given joint is a more reliable reflection of ongoing inflammation in a state of clinical remission.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">17</a> Third, the joints selected to assess disease activity by US did not include all 28 joints in DAS28; however, other studies have evaluated these joints in RA patients to define clinical remission. These joints are the most commonly affected in RA patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110">3,5,7,16</a> Moreover, in a study by Naredo et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">19</a> the assessment of these joints showed a good correlation when compared with the assessment of 44 joints by US. However, these authors reported a better correlation with a bilateral evaluation of wrists (2nd to 5th MCFs), ankles (2nd to 5th MTFs), and the evaluation of 12 joints (elbow, wrist, 2nd and 3rd MCF, knee and ankle bilateral).Lastly, we did not have a control group, the study included a convenient sample from a single setting, and the findings cannot be generalized to all patients with RA in Venezuela. Despite all these limitations, this is the first study conducted in the country to analyze subclinical activity by gray scale and power Doppler signal on US in patients with RA in clinical remission. We can conclude that, in RA patients in clinical remission measured by the DAS28, the persistency of US subclinical activity was high. US assessment has been shown to be a useful tool to determine subclinical activity in patients with clinical remission and to identify patients at increased risk of progression of joint damage and relapses, which could have implications for therapeutic decisions. No differences in the assessment of subclinical activity were found between patients whose clinical remission was caused by DMARD or combination therapy. Routinely use of US in clinical practice to evaluate RA patients in clinical remission is recommended to monitor subclinical activity.Ethical DisclosuresProtection of human and animal subjectsThe authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).Confidentiality of dataThe authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.Conflicts of InterestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest." 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ObjectiveTo determine and compare the degree of synovial inflammation by ultrasound (US) in patients with RA in clinical remission, treated with DMARD or combination therapy with DMARD and anti-TNF. MethodsHospital-based cross-sectional study of 58 patients with RA in sustained remission for at least 6 months by DAS28 <2.6, who attended the Rheumatology Service at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Patients underwent clinical, functional, and laboratory assessments. Ultrasound was performed in hands measuring synovial effusion, synovial hypertrophy and power Doppler signal; using a semiquantitative 4-point scale of 0=none to 3=severe. Chi-square and t-test were used to compare the clinical, functional, laboratory and US assessments between the DMARD (N=37) and combination therapy with DMARD and anti-TNF (N=21) groups. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsOut of 58 patients, 25.9% had remission by US and 74.1% had synovial effusion or hypertrophy or positive power Doppler signal. Non-significant differences in US synovitis between the two groups were found. ConclusionsPersistent US activity was evident in a high percentage of rheumatoid arthritis patients in clinical remission by DAS28. No differences in subclinical synovitis measured by US were found between patients with DMARD and anti-TNF-induced clinical remission." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónLos pacientes con artritis reumatoide (AR) con enfermedad en remisión clínica pueden mostrar sinovitis subclínica, que puede estar relacionada con el progreso del daño articular estructural. ObjetivosDeterminar y comparar el grado de inflamación sinovial medida por ultrasonido (US) en pacientes con AR en remisión clínica, tratados con FAME o FAME y anti-TNF. MétodosEstudio transversal con sede en hospital, donde se evaluaron 58 pacientes con AR en remisión sostenida durante al menos 6 meses por DAS28<2,6, que asistieron al Servicio de Reumatología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas. Se realizó evaluación clínica, funcional y de laboratorio. Se practicó US en manos evaluando derrame, hipertrofia sinovial y presencia de señal power Doppler, utilizando una escala semicuantitativa de 4 puntos 0=ninguno a 3=severo. Se compararon los hallazgos entre los pacientes con FAME (n=37) y FAME y anti-TNF (n=21), utilizando las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado y t de Student. Se consideró significación estadística si el valor de p era<0,05. ResultadosDe los 58 pacientes, el 25,9% tuvo remisión por US y el 74,1% presentó derrame, hipertrofia sinovial o señal power Doppler positiva. No hubo diferencias significativas en la presencia de sinovitis medida por US entre los 2 grupos. ConclusionesEn pacientes en remisión clínica por DAS28, la actividad persistente medida por US fue evidente en un alto porcentaje. No hubo diferencias en la sinovitis subclínica medida por US entre los pacientes en remisión clínica inducida con FAME y FAME y anti-TNF." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DMARD therapyN (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DMARD+anti-TNFα therapyN (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37 (63.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (36.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age, mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52±11.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50±11.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gender (female) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34 (91.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 (90.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Disease duration (months), mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.6±4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.7±4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clinical remission, mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21.2±13.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20.7±12.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Positive RF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 (94.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 (95.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Positive Anti-CCP positive<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">a</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 (79.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (80.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tender joints count</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (56.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (57.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">One \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (27.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (42.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Two or more \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (16.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 (0.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Swollen joints count</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">None \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (83.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (66.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">One \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (13.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (23.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Two or more \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (2.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (9.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ESR, mm/h, mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.5±6.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.7±6.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VAS 0–100mm, mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10±5.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.2±6.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DAS28, mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.2±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.2±0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HAQ, mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.2±0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.2±0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Steroid use (≤5mg equivalent of prednisone) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24 (64.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (52.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2064913.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "Note: Performed in 39 patients; DMARD=disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; RF=rheumatoid factor; Anti-CCP=cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody; ESR=erythrocyte sedimentation rate; VAS=Visual Analog Scale Pain; DAS-28=Disease Activity Score 28-joint assessment; HAQ=Health Assessment Questionnaire." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Demographic, Clinical, and Biological Characteristics of the Sample by Treatment Groups (DMARD and DMARD Plus Biological Therapy) (N=58)." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Note: DMARD=disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ultrasound (US) variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TotalN=58n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DMARD therapyN=37n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DMARD+anti-TNFα therapyN=21n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Synovial effusion</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Absent (total score=0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (27.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (32.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (19.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Present (total score=1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (17.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (13.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (23.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Present (total score ≥2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32 (55.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 (54.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (57.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Synovial hypertrophy</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Absent (total score=0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 (56.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24 (64.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (42.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Present (total score=1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (5.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (2.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (9.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Present (total score ≥2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (37.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (32.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (47.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Power Doppler signal</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Negative (total score=0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44 (75.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28 (75.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (76.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Positive (total score=1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (10.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (10.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (9.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Positive (total score ≥2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (13.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (13.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (14.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2064912.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Synovitis Detected by US in Patients With Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARD) and DMARD Plus Biological Therapy (N=58)." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "Note: US=ultrasound; SE=synovial effusion; SH=synovial hypertrophy; PD=power Doppler; DAS-28=Disease Activity Score 28-joint assessment; ESR=erythrocyte sedimentation rate; VAS=Visual Analog Scale Pain; HAQ=Health Assessment Questionnaire; RF=rheumatoid factor; β=coefficient." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SEβ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SHβ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PDβ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Disease duration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0175 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1367 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1443 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Clinical remission \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0707 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0480 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0802 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">DAS-28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1288 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1479 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1339 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ESR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0614 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0484 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0678 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">VAS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.1603 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.0773 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.0775 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">HAQ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0349 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1817 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0601 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">RF positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0307 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.2032 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.0073 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tender joint counts \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.1502 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.2067 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">−0.1817 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Swollen joint counts \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.2068 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.2775<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.1601 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2064914.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "p-value=0.0349." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Correlation Between Clinical and Biological Variables With US Findings." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Evaluación de la artritis reumatoide por técnicas de imagen: ecografía" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "E. 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Aramburu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arthritis Care Res" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "65" "paginaInicial" => "512" "paginaFinal" => "517" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack413339" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "We thank the Division of Rheumatology at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas for their support in carrying out this study and Abbott Laboratories of Venezuela, for the support provided through the donation to the Division of Rheumatology of the My Lab 25 Ultrasound (Esaote Biomedica, Genoa, Italy). The authors acknowledge the assistance of Sarah Toombs Smith, PhD, ELS, in editing the manuscript." 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Original Article

Subclinical synovitis measured by ultrasound in rheumatoid arthritis patients with clinical remission induced by synthetic and biological modifying disease drugs

Sinovitis subclínica medida por ultrasonido en pacientes con artritis reumatoide en remisión clínica inducida por fármacos modificadores de la enfermedad sintéticos y biológicos

Marcos Crucesa,b,

Corresponding author

marcoscruces48@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Soham Al Snihc, Natalí Serra-Bonetta,b, Juan C. Rivasa,b

a Division of Rheumatology, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela

b Centro Nacional de Enfermedades Reumáticas, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela

c Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

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with power Doppler positive signal indicating active synovitis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have shown subclinical inflammation by MRI and US&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;7</span></a> For example&#44; Brown et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> found&#44; in RA patients in clinical remission treated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs &#40;DMARD&#41;&#44; that 92&#46;6&#37; had synovitis and 46&#46;4&#37; had bone edema as shown by MRI&#59; and US showed that 73&#37; had gray-scale synovial hypertrophy and 43&#37; had increased power Doppler signal&#46; Saleem et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> studied 100 RA patients with disease remission&#44; half induced by DMARD and half induced by the combination of TNF blockade and methotrexate&#44; to determine whether the difference in radiographic outcome results from more complete suppression of imaging detecting synovitis&#46; They found that the proportion of patients in remission did not differ on imaging &#40;16&#37; for DMARD vs 10&#37; for combination therapy&#41;&#46; However&#44; the combination treatment group had more gray scale synovitis but similar power Doppler activity &#40;60&#37; DMARD vs 48&#37; combination therapy&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because patients with disease in clinical remission might show subclinical synovitis&#44; we assessed whether DMARD and anti-TNF&#945; therapy induced clinical remission differed by US&#46; The objectives of this study were &#40;1&#41; to determine and compare the degree of synovial inflammation &#40;subclinical activity&#41; by gray scale and power Doppler signal on US in patients with RA in clinical remission&#44; treated with DMARD or combination therapy with DMARD and anti-TNF&#945;&#59; and &#40;2&#41; to examine the correlation between clinical and biological variables with US findings&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Patients and Methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this hospital-based cross-sectional study&#44; 58 patients with RA who attended the Rheumatology Service at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas were assessed&#46; Inclusion criteria were&#58; 1&#46; Fulfilling the 1987 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#59; and 2&#46; Sustained clinical remission induced by DMARD or by DMARD and anti TNF&#945; &#40;combination therapy&#41; for at least six months&#44; defined as a Disease Activity Score 28 joints &#40;DAS28&#41; below 2&#46;6&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Patients underwent clinical&#44; Health Assessment Questionnaire &#40;HAQ&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> laboratory&#44; and musculoskeletal US assessments&#46; All patients signed inform consent and the study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the institution&#46; A rheumatologist performed the clinical evaluation and two rheumatologist trained in musculoskeletal US &#40;which were blinded to clinical and laboratory data&#41; performed the US assessment&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A My Lab 25 ESAOTE US machine with a 10&#8211;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz linear transducer was used to perform US assessment&#46; The gray scale and power Doppler parameters were standardized between sonographers and the pulse repetition frequency for power Doppler was adjusted to 0&#46;7 to maximize sensitivity&#46; To measure inter-observer variability prior to the inclusion of patients&#44; 30 patient images with RA were randomly selected from an image bank and assessed by Sonographer 1 &#40;MC&#41; and Sonographer 2 &#40;JC&#41; for the presence&#47;absence of synovial effusion&#44; synovial hypertrophy&#44; and power Doppler signal&#46; The Kappa coefficient for the inter-observer variability between Sonographer 1 and Sonographer 2 was 0&#46;61&#44; 0&#46;52&#44; and 1&#46;00&#44; respectively &#40;good&#44; moderate&#44; and excellent agreement&#41;&#46; Six months later&#44; these 30 images of patients with RA were reassessed for the intra-observer variability&#46; The Kappa coefficient for synovial effusion and synovial hypertrophy was 0&#46;74 and 0&#46;8&#44; respectively &#40;good agreement&#41; for Sonographer 1&#46; The Kappa coefficient for synovial effusion and synovial hypertrophy was 0&#46;67 and 0&#46;92&#44; respectively&#44; for Sonographer 2 &#40;good and excellent agreement&#41;&#46; There is no international agreement about which joints should be assessed by US to measure subclinical activity in patients with RA&#46; US was performed in the hands &#40;wrist&#44; 2nd to 5th MCF&#44; and 2nd to 5th IFP&#44; bilateral&#41; following the technique described by Backhaus et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> assessing effusion and synovial hypertrophy by gray scale US and power Doppler signal &#40;OMERACT definition&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> To quantify synovial effusion and synovial hypertrophy&#44; a validated semiquantitative scale was used&#44; where 0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>none and 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>severe&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> To quantify power Doppler signal &#40;active synovitis&#41;&#44; a validated semiquantitative scale was used&#44; where 0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>absent &#40;without synovial flow&#41;&#44; 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mild &#40;&#8804;3 isolated signals&#41;&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>moderate &#40;&#8805;3 isolated signals or confluent signals in less than half of the synovial area&#41;&#44; and 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>severe &#40;signals in more than half of the synovial area&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Eighteen joints in 58 patients &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1040 joints&#41; were evaluated&#46; A total score of gray scale and power Doppler signal &#40;the addition of synovial effusion&#44; synovial hypertrophy and power Doppler signal scores of each evaluated joint&#41; for each patient was calculated&#46; There is no consensus about the definition of US remission in RA patients&#46; We considered US remission a total US score of gray scale and power Doppler signal equal to 0&#46; Demographic&#44; clinical&#44; functional&#44; biological&#44; and musculoskeletal US were compared between patients with DMARD and those with combination therapy&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-Test was used for variables with normal distribution&#44; Wilcoxon&#8211;Mann&#8211;Whitney for variables with non-normal distribution&#44; and Chi-square or Fisher Exact tests for categorical variables&#46; Correlations between clinical&#44; HAQ&#44; biological&#44; and US variables were performed using the Spearman correlation test&#46; For all analyses&#44; a two-tailed approach was used and statistical significance was assigned when type I error probability was equal to or less than 5&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41;&#46; All analyses were performed using the SAS System for Windows&#44; version 9&#46;4 &#40;SAS Institute&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Cary&#44; NC&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean age was 52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;45 years and 91&#37; were women&#46; The average disease duration was 7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;8 years and the average month in clinical remission was 21<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;6&#46; Out of 58 patients&#44; 37 were in the DMARD group and 21 in the combination therapy group&#46; Ninety-five percent had rheumatoid factor positive&#46; Anti-CCP was performed in 39 patients and was positive in 79&#37; of the cases&#46; The mean DAS28 was 2&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4 and the mean HAQ was 0&#46;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&#46; One hundred percent of the 58 patients received DMARD&#44; of whom 86&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#41; received methotrexate alone or in combination with another DMARD or biologic therapy &#40;81&#37; of combination therapy group received MTX&#41;&#46; Non-significant differences in demographics&#44; clinical&#44; physical function&#44; and biological variables were found between the two groups &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Only 25&#46;9&#37; had remission by US and 74&#46;1&#37; had synovial effusion or hypertrophy or positive power Doppler signal&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> presents synovitis detected by US in patients with DMARD and combination therapy&#46; In total&#44; 72&#46;4&#37; had synovial effusion&#44; 43&#46;1&#37; synovial hypertrophy&#44; and 24&#46;1&#37; positive power Doppler signal&#46; In the DMARD group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#41;&#44; 67&#46;6&#37; had synovial effusion&#44; 35&#46;1&#37; synovial hypertrophy&#44; and 24&#46;3&#37; positive power Doppler signal&#46; In the combination therapy group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#41;&#44; 80&#46;9&#37; had synovial effusion&#44; 57&#46;1&#37; synovial hypertrophy&#44; and 23&#46;8&#37; positive power Doppler signal&#46; Non-significant differences in the US variables were found between the two groups&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Correlation between clinical&#44; HAQ&#44; and biological variables with US findings &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41; showed a statistically significant positive correlation only between the number of swollen joints and synovial hypertrophy assessed by US &#40;correlation coefficient<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;28&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study evaluated and compared the degree of synovial inflammation &#40;subclinical activity&#41; by gray scale and power Doppler signals on US in patients with RA in clinical remission&#44; treated with DMARD or combination therapy with DMARD and anti-TNF&#46; Synovitis was detected using US gray scale and power Doppler signal in a high percentage of the patients&#44; which implies that they are at high risk of disease progression and structural joint damage&#46; Several studies have shown that sustained inflammation&#44; measured by US&#44; has been associated not only with progression of joint damage but also with relapses&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;6&#44;14</span></a> This association is very important for clinicians treating RA patients&#44; because these results suggest that US should be a part of the evaluation of patients with RA in clinical remission&#44; to detect those at risk of joint damage and consider adjusting their therapy appropriately&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We did not find significant differences in the percentages of synovial effusion&#44; synovial hypertrophy&#44; and power Doppler signal between patients with DMARD and those with combination therapy&#46; Our results are similar to the study of Saleem et al&#46;&#44; although they reported a higher gray scale synovitis in the combination therapy group &#40;a group with a longer duration of disease&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> This could mean that the degree of subclinical inflammation is independent of the treatment used to achieve clinical remission&#46; Although clinical remission is achieved&#44; US assessment is important to determine which patients are at high risk of joint damage&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The evaluation of correlations between clinical and biological variables with US variables showed a positive correlation between the number of swollen joints and synovial hypertrophy assessed by US&#46; Patients in this study had established disease and the persistency of joint inflammation could correlate with thickening of the synovial tissue&#44; allowing the US to detect joint damage and through the positive power Doppler signal to detect active synovitis&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has some limitations&#46; First&#44; the use of DAS28 to classify patients in clinical remission allows patients with few painful and&#47;or swollen joints remain in the range of remission and does not evaluate joints from the feet&#44; which can mistakenly classify patients with mild or moderate activity&#46; The Simple Disease Activity Index &#40;SDAI&#41; and the ACR&#47;EULAR definition of remission reported in 2011 could represent more accurate indices to assess remission in patients evaluated by US&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> However&#44; the DAS28 is widely used in most studies to assess RA activity and is the index used by the Rheumatology Service of our hospital&#46; Second&#44; low-grade power Doppler and gray scale ultrasound signals may not necessarily reflect the presence of active synovitis in RA joints&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Indeed&#44; 11&#37; of the joints of healthy volunteers showed power Doppler signals for joint activity&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> likely corresponding to the presence of physiologic vessels&#46; A score of gray scale or power Doppler signal &#8805;2 in a given joint is a more reliable reflection of ongoing inflammation in a state of clinical remission&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Third&#44; the joints selected to assess disease activity by US did not include all 28 joints in DAS28&#59; however&#44; other studies have evaluated these joints in RA patients to define clinical remission&#46; These joints are the most commonly affected in RA patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5&#44;7&#44;16</span></a> Moreover&#44; in a study by Naredo et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> the assessment of these joints showed a good correlation when compared with the assessment of 44 joints by US&#46; However&#44; these authors reported a better correlation with a bilateral evaluation of wrists &#40;2nd to 5th MCFs&#41;&#44; ankles &#40;2nd to 5th MTFs&#41;&#44; and the evaluation of 12 joints &#40;elbow&#44; wrist&#44; 2nd and 3rd MCF&#44; knee and ankle bilateral&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; we did not have a control group&#44; the study included a convenient sample from a single setting&#44; and the findings cannot be generalized to all patients with RA in Venezuela&#46; Despite all these limitations&#44; this is the first study conducted in the country to analyze subclinical activity by gray scale and power Doppler signal on US in patients with RA in clinical remission&#46; We can conclude that&#44; in RA patients in clinical remission measured by the DAS28&#44; the persistency of US subclinical activity was high&#46; US assessment has been shown to be a useful tool to determine subclinical activity in patients with clinical remission and to identify patients at increased risk of progression of joint damage and relapses&#44; which could have implications for therapeutic decisions&#46; No differences in the assessment of subclinical activity were found between patients whose clinical remission was caused by DMARD or combination therapy&#46; Routinely use of US in clinical practice to evaluate RA patients in clinical remission is recommended to monitor subclinical activity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association &#40;Declaration of Helsinki&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The corresponding author is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflicts of Interest</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Rheumatoid arthritis &#40;RA&#41; patients with disease in clinical remission might show subclinical synovitis&#44; which can be related to the progress of structural joint damage&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine and compare the degree of synovial inflammation by ultrasound &#40;US&#41; in patients with RA in clinical remission&#44; treated with DMARD or combination therapy with DMARD and anti-TNF&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hospital-based cross-sectional study of 58 patients with RA in sustained remission for at least 6 months by DAS28 &#60;2&#46;6&#44; who attended the Rheumatology Service at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas&#46; Patients underwent clinical&#44; functional&#44; and laboratory assessments&#46; Ultrasound was performed in hands measuring synovial effusion&#44; synovial hypertrophy and power Doppler signal&#59; using a semiquantitative 4-point scale of 0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>none to 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>severe&#46; Chi-square and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test were used to compare the clinical&#44; functional&#44; laboratory and US assessments between the DMARD &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#41; and combination therapy with DMARD and anti-TNF &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#41; groups&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#60;0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Out of 58 patients&#44; 25&#46;9&#37; had remission by US and 74&#46;1&#37; had synovial effusion or hypertrophy or positive power Doppler signal&#46; Non-significant differences in US synovitis between the two groups were found&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Persistent US activity was evident in a high percentage of rheumatoid arthritis patients in clinical remission by DAS28&#46; No differences in subclinical synovitis measured by US were found between patients with DMARD and anti-TNF-induced clinical remission&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Los pacientes con artritis reumatoide &#40;AR&#41; con enfermedad en remisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica pueden mostrar sinovitis subcl&#237;nica&#44; que puede estar relacionada con el progreso del da&#241;o articular estructural&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar y comparar el grado de inflamaci&#243;n sinovial medida por ultrasonido &#40;US&#41; en pacientes con AR en remisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; tratados con FAME o FAME y anti-TNF&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio transversal con sede en hospital&#44; donde se evaluaron 58 pacientes con AR en remisi&#243;n sostenida durante al menos 6 meses por DAS28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;6&#44; que asistieron al Servicio de Reumatolog&#237;a del Hospital Universitario de Caracas&#46; Se realiz&#243; evaluaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica&#44; funcional y de laboratorio&#46; Se practic&#243; US en manos evaluando derrame&#44; hipertrofia sinovial y presencia de se&#241;al power Doppler&#44; utilizando una escala semicuantitativa de 4 puntos 0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ninguno a 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>severo&#46; Se compararon los hallazgos entre los pacientes con FAME &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37&#41; y FAME y anti-TNF &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#41;&#44; utilizando las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado y t de Student&#46; Se consider&#243; significaci&#243;n estad&#237;stica si el valor de p era<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;05&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De los 58 pacientes&#44; el 25&#44;9&#37; tuvo remisi&#243;n por US y el 74&#44;1&#37; present&#243; derrame&#44; hipertrofia sinovial o se&#241;al power Doppler positiva&#46; No hubo diferencias significativas en la presencia de sinovitis medida por US entre los 2 grupos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En pacientes en remisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica por DAS28&#44; la actividad persistente medida por US fue evidente en un alto porcentaje&#46; No hubo diferencias en la sinovitis subcl&#237;nica medida por US entre los pacientes en remisi&#243;n cl&#237;nica inducida con FAME y FAME y anti-TNF&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0045"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0050"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DMARD therapy<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DMARD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>anti-TNF&#945; therapy<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Total</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;63&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;36&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age&#44; mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender &#40;female&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;91&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19 &#40;90&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Disease duration &#40;months&#41;&#44; mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clinical remission&#44; mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Positive RF</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;94&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;95&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Positive Anti-CCP positive</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23 &#40;79&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;80&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tender joints count</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;56&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;57&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>One&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;27&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;42&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Two or more&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;16&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Swollen joints count</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;83&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;66&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>One&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;13&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Two or more&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ESR&#44; mm&#47;h&#44; mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VAS 0&#8211;100</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mm&#44; mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">DAS28&#44; mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HAQ&#44; mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#177;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Steroid use &#40;&#8804;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mg equivalent of prednisone&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;64&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;52&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DMARD therapy<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>37<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DMARD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>anti-TNF&#945; therapy<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Synovial effusion</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Absent &#40;total score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;27&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;32&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;19&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Present &#40;total score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;17&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;13&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;23&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Present &#40;total score &#8805;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32 &#40;55&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20 &#40;54&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;57&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Synovial hypertrophy</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Absent &#40;total score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33 &#40;56&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24 &#40;64&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;42&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Present &#40;total score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;5&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;2&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Present &#40;total score &#8805;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;37&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;32&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;47&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Power Doppler signal</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Negative &#40;total score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;75&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;75&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;76&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Positive &#40;total score<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1817&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">RF positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2032&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evaluaci&#243;n de la artritis reumatoide por t&#233;cnicas de imagen&#58; ecograf&#237;a"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "E&#46; Naredo S&#225;nchez"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/S1699-258X(06)73087-X"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Reumatol Clin"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "2"
                        "numero" => "Suppl&#46; 2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S13"
                        "paginaFinal" => "S17"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21794367"
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                          ]
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs&#58; 2013 update"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;S&#46; Smolen"
                            1 => "R&#46; Landew&#233;"
                            2 => "F&#46;C&#46; Breedveld"
                            3 => "M&#46; Buch"
                            4 => "G&#46; Burmeste"
                            5 => "M&#46; Dougados"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204573"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Rheum Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "73"
                        "paginaInicial" => "492"
                        "paginaFinal" => "509"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24161836"
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                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An explanation for the apparent association between clinical remission and continued structural deterioration in rheumatoid arthritis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;K&#46; Brown"
                            1 => "P&#46;G&#46; Conaghan"
                            2 => "Z&#46; Karim"
                            3 => "M&#46;A&#46; Quinn"
                            4 => "K&#46; Ikeda"
                            5 => "C&#46;G&#46; Peterfy"
                          ]
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We thank the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Division of Rheumatology at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas</span> for their support in carrying out this study and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">Abbott Laboratories of Venezuela</span>&#44; for the support provided through the donation to the Division of Rheumatology of the My Lab 25 Ultrasound &#40;Esaote Biomedica&#44; Genoa&#44; Italy&#41;&#46; The authors acknowledge the assistance of Sarah Toombs Smith&#44; PhD&#44; ELS&#44; in editing the manuscript&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 21735743
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.reumae.2017.08.008

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2023 April	30	15	45
2023 March	80	18	98
2023 February	57	27	84
2023 January	49	14	63
2022 December	89	18	107
2022 November	64	29	93
2022 October	84	31	115
2022 September	45	30	75
2022 August	58	33	91
2022 July	75	42	117
2022 June	72	32	104
2022 May	91	43	134
2022 April	156	55	211
2022 March	126	36	162
2022 February	103	29	132
2022 January	103	34	137
2021 December	68	41	109
2021 November	89	31	120
2021 October	45	44	89
2021 September	26	37	63
2021 August	17	36	53
2021 July	23	22	45
2021 June	20	17	37
2021 May	23	43	66
2021 April	73	70	143
2021 March	34	17	51
2021 February	20	22	42
2021 January	19	13	32
2020 December	17	14	31
2020 November	18	15	33
2020 October	28	17	45
2020 September	38	20	58
2020 August	25	20	45
2020 July	15	15	30
2020 June	20	6	26
2020 May	17	10	27
2020 April	11	10	21
2020 March	2	0	2
2019 June	1	2	3

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