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Of these&#44; 50&#37; were female and the mean age was 46 &#40;SD&#58; &#177;15&#41; years&#46; With respect to baseline inflammatory disease&#44; 12 patients presented spondyloarthropathy &#40;46&#37;&#41;&#44; 7 Crohn&#39;s disease &#40;CD&#41; &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#44; 5 rheumatoid arthritis &#40;RA&#41; &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; 2 psoriasis &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#44; one recurrent polychondritis &#40;4&#37;&#41; and one chronic juvenile polyarthritis &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#46; Two patients were diagnosed with more than one disease&#58; psoriatic arthritis-associated CD and RA-associated CD&#46; Thirteen patients were treated with adalimumab &#40;50&#37;&#41;&#44; 5 with infliximab &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; 3 with golimumab &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#44; 2 with etanercept &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#44; one with certolizumab &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#44; one with ustekinumab &#40;4&#37;&#41; and one with abatacept &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#46; The average time of exposure to the biological drug until the appearance of skin lesions was 57 &#40;SD&#58; &#177;60&#41; weeks&#46; Five patients had psoriasis associated with their underlying inflammatory disease &#40;19&#37;&#41; and four had a family history of psoriasis &#40;15&#37;&#41;&#46; Twenty-five cases of psoriasis and one case of lichenoid pityriasis &#40;histologically confirmed&#41; were recorded&#46; Skin biopsy was performed in 5 patients&#44; confirming the presence of histological changes consistent with psoriasis in 4 of them&#46; Lesion morphology included&#58; 13 patients with palmoplantar pustulosis &#40;50&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; 7 with plaque psoriasis &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#44; 5 with scalp psoriasis &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; 5 with psoriasiform reaction &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; 4 with guttate psoriasis &#40;15&#37;&#41; and one with inverted psoriasis &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#59; 7 patients experienced more than one type of lesion &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#46; Topical treatment was instituted in all cases&#44; and methotrexate was required in 7 patients&#46; Treatment was maintained in 50&#37; of patients&#46; Of the 13 patients in whom treatment was discontinued&#44; another anti-TNF&#945; drug was started in 4 patients &#40;2 adalimumab&#44; 1 golimumab&#44; 1 certolizumab&#41;&#44; but skin lesions reappeared in 3 of them&#46; In 6 patients the anti-TNF&#945; was replaced by a non-anti-TNF&#945; biological drug &#40;3 ustekinumab&#44; one rituximab&#44; one secukinumab&#44; one ixekizumab&#41;&#44; with the lesions reappearing only in the patient treated with secukinumab&#46; Two patients remain without systemic treatment at present&#44; and the remaining patient died of non-study causes&#46; In the patient with lichenoid pityriasis the biological treatment &#40;etanercept&#41; was maintained&#44; and his lesions have progressed well with topical treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term PP refers to the development of de novo psoriasis or exacerbation of pre-existing lesions&#44; with a therapeutic agent typically used to treat these lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> This phenomenon was initially described in patients treated with anti-TNF&#945;&#44; but as new biological agents have been introduced&#44; cases have been reported with other non-anti-TNF&#945;&#44; biological drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Throughout the text&#44; we will refer at all times to anti-TNF&#945;-induced PP&#44; otherwise we will indicate it specifically&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the available data&#44; anti-TNF&#945;-induced PP has a low incidence &#40;1&#46;04&#8211;3&#46;0&#47;1000 persons&#47;year&#41;&#44; and the prevalence varies according to the different studies between &#46;6&#37; and 5&#46;3&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Although there are cases described in virtually all CIDs&#44; most are patients with CD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> or RA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> However&#44; in our series most paradoxical reactions are observed in patients with spondyloarthropathy&#46; The time relationship between anti-TNF&#945; and the onset of psoriasis supports a causal relationship&#46; Although there is mixed data on this&#44; the mean latency time from starting the drug to the onset of lesions is 10 months&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> somewhat less than that observed in our patients&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Palmoplantar pustulosis and plaque psoriasis&#44; as in most series&#44; is the main morphology of the lesions we observed in our study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Skin biopsy can help confirm the diagnosis of psoriasis and differentiate it from other entities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In fact&#44; in our series we observed a case of histologically confirmed lichenoid pityriasis&#46; It has been described that up to 15&#37; of patients may present with more than one type of lesion&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and consistent with our data&#44; most patients do not have a family or personal history of psoriasis&#44; and if they had psoriasis it appears in unusual locations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cases of PP have been described with all anti-TNF&#945;s and in all diseases where they are indicated&#44; and therefore we can consider this to be a class effect&#46; We agree with other studies that the highest incidence of this phenomenon occurs in patients treated with adalimumab or infliximab&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> As initially indicated&#44; cases have also been described with non-anti-TNF&#945; drugs such as rituximab&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> abatacept&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> tocilizumab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and ustekinumab&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The latter&#44; although used for the treatment of PP&#44; has also been associated with relapses of pustular psoriasis&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the hypotheses postulated for the development of PP is the correlation between TNF&#945; and interferon 1 &#40;IFN-1&#41;&#46; The latter is synthesised by dermal plasmacytoid dendritic cells and is central to the development of psoriasis&#46; Under normal conditions&#44; TNF&#945; inhibits the synthesis of IFN&#945;&#44;-1 by dendritic cells&#46; After administration of anti-TNF&#945;&#44; the imbalance may lead to local production of IFN-1&#945;&#44; developing a psoriasis flare-up&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Another theory argues that the IL-23&#47;Thelper17 &#40;Th17&#41; axis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis&#46; IL-23 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that drives the efficacious response of Thelper1 &#40;Th1&#41; and Th17&#44; both of which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CIDs&#44; including psoriasis&#46; Genome studies have revealed a specific association between polymorphisms in the IL-23 receptor gene and increased susceptibility to CD and psoriasis&#46; Thus&#44; inhibition of IL-12&#47;23 with ustekinumab has been effective in treating CD in patients who develop anti-TNF&#945;-induced psoriasis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In most cases&#44; discontinuation of the biological drug is usually sufficient to resolve the lesions&#46; However&#44; it can be accompanied by an exacerbation of CID&#44; and therefore in most cases it is difficult to discontinue it&#46; A patient with suspected PP should first be referred to a dermatologist for diagnosis and histological confirmation if necessary&#46; If the psoriasis affects &#60;5&#37; of body surface&#44; topical treatment is indicated &#40;corticosteroids&#44; keratolytics and vitamin D analogues&#41;&#44; if there is no improvement&#44; the next level would be to combine oral methotrexate or ultraviolet phototherapy&#46; By contrast&#44; if the body surface involvement is &#62;5&#37; or there is palmoplantar pustulosis&#44; topical treatment and phototherapy are recommended&#44; and if there is no response systemic treatment with methotrexate&#44; retinoids and&#47;or cyclosporine should be considered&#46; In case of inefficacy&#44; biological therapy should be discontinued and the change of therapeutic target to an anti-IL17 or anti-IL 12&#47;23 should be considered&#59; the change to another anti-TNF&#945; is controversial&#44; since retreatment with a second anti-TNF&#945; has been associated with recurrence of psoriasis in 48&#37;&#8211;85&#37; of cases&#46; If there is still no improvement&#44; experts propose optimising combination therapy or considering new drugs such as anti-IL-2315 biological drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusions</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PP is a reversible adverse effect that can be seen in patients exposed to biological drugs&#44; mainly anti-TNF&#46; It is necessary to know about this phenomenon and to establish adequate treatment&#44; sometimes requiring discontinuation of the biological drug and&#47;or change of therapeutic target&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Funding</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors of this publication declare that they have received no fees from any public or private agency&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Chronic inflammatory disease"
            1 => "Biological drugs"
            2 => "Paradoxical psoriasis"
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            0 => "Enfermedad inflamatoria cr&#243;nica"
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            2 => "Psoriasis parad&#243;jica"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe a multicentre case series of new onset or worsening of psoriasis in patients treated with biological drugs&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive study&#46; We reviewed the clinical history of patients with chronic inflammatory disease &#40;CID&#41; treated with biological drugs&#44; who developed new onset or worsening of psoriasis during the follow-up period&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Twenty-six cases of paradoxical psoriasis &#40;PP&#41; were recorded&#46; Ninety-three percent of the patients were treated with anti-TNF&#945; and adalimumab was responsible for 50&#37; of the cases&#46; Only 5 patients had a personal history of psoriasis&#46; The biological drug was discontinued in 13 patients&#46; Lesion recurrence was more frequent when another anti-TNF&#945; was reintroduced&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The PP is a reversible adverse effect that can be observed in patients exposed to biological drugs&#44; mainly anti-TNF&#945;&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir una serie multic&#233;ntrica de casos de inducci&#243;n o empeoramiento de psoriasis en pacientes tratados con f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo&#46; Se revis&#243; la historia cl&#237;nica de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria cr&#243;nica &#40;EIC&#41; en tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#44; y que presentaron durante el per&#237;odo de seguimiento&#44; psoriasis de nueva aparici&#243;n o empeoramiento de la misma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se registraron 26 casos de psoriasis parad&#243;jica &#40;PP&#41;&#46; El 93&#37; de los pacientes estaban en tratamiento con un anti-TNF&#945;&#44; siendo el adalimumab el responsable del 50&#37; de los casos&#46; Solo 5 pacientes presentaban antecedentes personales de psoriasis&#46; En 13 pacientes fue necesario retirar el f&#225;rmaco biol&#243;gico y la recidiva de las lesiones fue m&#225;s frecuente en los pacientes en los que se reintrodujo otro anti-TNF&#945;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La PP es un efecto adverso reversible que se puede observar en pacientes expuestos a f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#44; principalmente a anti-TNF&#945;&#46;</p></span>"
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Brief Report
Psoriasis induced by biological therapy
Psoriasis inducida por terapia biológica
Lydia Montolio Chivaa,
Corresponding author
lydiamontolio@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Àngels Martínez Ferrera, Almudena Mateu Puchadesb, Cristina Campos Fernándezc, Javier Narváez Garciad, Juan José Alegre Sanchoa
a Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
b Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
c Servicio de Reumatología y Metabolismo Óseo, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario, Valencia, Spain
d Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of biological drugs in patients with chronic inflammatory disease &#40;CID&#41; has increased in recent years&#46; Safety studies of these drugs have focused mainly on the increased risk of infections&#44; the development of neoplasms and demyelinating diseases&#44; local reaction at the injection site and the immunogenicity they can generate through the production of antibodies&#46; However&#44; it has been shown that these drugs can have different effects at skin level&#44; including the onset of psoriatic lesions or the worsening of pre-existing lesions&#44; a phenomenon known as paradoxical psoriasis &#40;PP&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of our study was to describe a multi-centre series of cases of induced or worsened psoriasis in patients treated with biological drugs&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive study&#46; We reviewed the clinical history of patients with CID undergoing treatment with anti-TNF&#945; or other biological drugs&#44; who presented with new or worsening psoriasis&#46; The patients came from 3 hospitals&#58; Hospital General Universitario de Valencia&#44; Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset and Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge&#44; and were registered from January 2008 to May 2019&#46; Demographic &#40;sex and age&#41; and clinical variables were collected &#40;inflammatory disease&#44; current biological treatment and time of exposure to the drug&#44; personal and family history of psoriasis&#44; the morphology of the lesions and treatment used for them&#41;&#46; Cases where the biological drug was discontinued were also recorded&#44; as well as the rate of subsequent relapses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 26 patients were collected&#46; Of these&#44; 50&#37; were female and the mean age was 46 &#40;SD&#58; &#177;15&#41; years&#46; With respect to baseline inflammatory disease&#44; 12 patients presented spondyloarthropathy &#40;46&#37;&#41;&#44; 7 Crohn&#39;s disease &#40;CD&#41; &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#44; 5 rheumatoid arthritis &#40;RA&#41; &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; 2 psoriasis &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#44; one recurrent polychondritis &#40;4&#37;&#41; and one chronic juvenile polyarthritis &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#46; Two patients were diagnosed with more than one disease&#58; psoriatic arthritis-associated CD and RA-associated CD&#46; Thirteen patients were treated with adalimumab &#40;50&#37;&#41;&#44; 5 with infliximab &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; 3 with golimumab &#40;12&#37;&#41;&#44; 2 with etanercept &#40;8&#37;&#41;&#44; one with certolizumab &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#44; one with ustekinumab &#40;4&#37;&#41; and one with abatacept &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#46; The average time of exposure to the biological drug until the appearance of skin lesions was 57 &#40;SD&#58; &#177;60&#41; weeks&#46; Five patients had psoriasis associated with their underlying inflammatory disease &#40;19&#37;&#41; and four had a family history of psoriasis &#40;15&#37;&#41;&#46; Twenty-five cases of psoriasis and one case of lichenoid pityriasis &#40;histologically confirmed&#41; were recorded&#46; Skin biopsy was performed in 5 patients&#44; confirming the presence of histological changes consistent with psoriasis in 4 of them&#46; Lesion morphology included&#58; 13 patients with palmoplantar pustulosis &#40;50&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; 7 with plaque psoriasis &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#44; 5 with scalp psoriasis &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; 5 with psoriasiform reaction &#40;19&#37;&#41;&#44; 4 with guttate psoriasis &#40;15&#37;&#41; and one with inverted psoriasis &#40;4&#37;&#41;&#59; 7 patients experienced more than one type of lesion &#40;27&#37;&#41;&#46; Topical treatment was instituted in all cases&#44; and methotrexate was required in 7 patients&#46; Treatment was maintained in 50&#37; of patients&#46; Of the 13 patients in whom treatment was discontinued&#44; another anti-TNF&#945; drug was started in 4 patients &#40;2 adalimumab&#44; 1 golimumab&#44; 1 certolizumab&#41;&#44; but skin lesions reappeared in 3 of them&#46; In 6 patients the anti-TNF&#945; was replaced by a non-anti-TNF&#945; biological drug &#40;3 ustekinumab&#44; one rituximab&#44; one secukinumab&#44; one ixekizumab&#41;&#44; with the lesions reappearing only in the patient treated with secukinumab&#46; Two patients remain without systemic treatment at present&#44; and the remaining patient died of non-study causes&#46; In the patient with lichenoid pityriasis the biological treatment &#40;etanercept&#41; was maintained&#44; and his lesions have progressed well with topical treatment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The term PP refers to the development of de novo psoriasis or exacerbation of pre-existing lesions&#44; with a therapeutic agent typically used to treat these lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> This phenomenon was initially described in patients treated with anti-TNF&#945;&#44; but as new biological agents have been introduced&#44; cases have been reported with other non-anti-TNF&#945;&#44; biological drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Throughout the text&#44; we will refer at all times to anti-TNF&#945;-induced PP&#44; otherwise we will indicate it specifically&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the available data&#44; anti-TNF&#945;-induced PP has a low incidence &#40;1&#46;04&#8211;3&#46;0&#47;1000 persons&#47;year&#41;&#44; and the prevalence varies according to the different studies between &#46;6&#37; and 5&#46;3&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Although there are cases described in virtually all CIDs&#44; most are patients with CD<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> or RA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> However&#44; in our series most paradoxical reactions are observed in patients with spondyloarthropathy&#46; The time relationship between anti-TNF&#945; and the onset of psoriasis supports a causal relationship&#46; Although there is mixed data on this&#44; the mean latency time from starting the drug to the onset of lesions is 10 months&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> somewhat less than that observed in our patients&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Palmoplantar pustulosis and plaque psoriasis&#44; as in most series&#44; is the main morphology of the lesions we observed in our study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Skin biopsy can help confirm the diagnosis of psoriasis and differentiate it from other entities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In fact&#44; in our series we observed a case of histologically confirmed lichenoid pityriasis&#46; It has been described that up to 15&#37; of patients may present with more than one type of lesion&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and consistent with our data&#44; most patients do not have a family or personal history of psoriasis&#44; and if they had psoriasis it appears in unusual locations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cases of PP have been described with all anti-TNF&#945;s and in all diseases where they are indicated&#44; and therefore we can consider this to be a class effect&#46; We agree with other studies that the highest incidence of this phenomenon occurs in patients treated with adalimumab or infliximab&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> As initially indicated&#44; cases have also been described with non-anti-TNF&#945; drugs such as rituximab&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> abatacept&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> tocilizumab<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and ustekinumab&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The latter&#44; although used for the treatment of PP&#44; has also been associated with relapses of pustular psoriasis&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the hypotheses postulated for the development of PP is the correlation between TNF&#945; and interferon 1 &#40;IFN-1&#41;&#46; The latter is synthesised by dermal plasmacytoid dendritic cells and is central to the development of psoriasis&#46; Under normal conditions&#44; TNF&#945; inhibits the synthesis of IFN&#945;&#44;-1 by dendritic cells&#46; After administration of anti-TNF&#945;&#44; the imbalance may lead to local production of IFN-1&#945;&#44; developing a psoriasis flare-up&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Another theory argues that the IL-23&#47;Thelper17 &#40;Th17&#41; axis plays a key role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis&#46; IL-23 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that drives the efficacious response of Thelper1 &#40;Th1&#41; and Th17&#44; both of which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of CIDs&#44; including psoriasis&#46; Genome studies have revealed a specific association between polymorphisms in the IL-23 receptor gene and increased susceptibility to CD and psoriasis&#46; Thus&#44; inhibition of IL-12&#47;23 with ustekinumab has been effective in treating CD in patients who develop anti-TNF&#945;-induced psoriasis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;14</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In most cases&#44; discontinuation of the biological drug is usually sufficient to resolve the lesions&#46; However&#44; it can be accompanied by an exacerbation of CID&#44; and therefore in most cases it is difficult to discontinue it&#46; A patient with suspected PP should first be referred to a dermatologist for diagnosis and histological confirmation if necessary&#46; If the psoriasis affects &#60;5&#37; of body surface&#44; topical treatment is indicated &#40;corticosteroids&#44; keratolytics and vitamin D analogues&#41;&#44; if there is no improvement&#44; the next level would be to combine oral methotrexate or ultraviolet phototherapy&#46; By contrast&#44; if the body surface involvement is &#62;5&#37; or there is palmoplantar pustulosis&#44; topical treatment and phototherapy are recommended&#44; and if there is no response systemic treatment with methotrexate&#44; retinoids and&#47;or cyclosporine should be considered&#46; In case of inefficacy&#44; biological therapy should be discontinued and the change of therapeutic target to an anti-IL17 or anti-IL 12&#47;23 should be considered&#59; the change to another anti-TNF&#945; is controversial&#44; since retreatment with a second anti-TNF&#945; has been associated with recurrence of psoriasis in 48&#37;&#8211;85&#37; of cases&#46; If there is still no improvement&#44; experts propose optimising combination therapy or considering new drugs such as anti-IL-2315 biological drugs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusions</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PP is a reversible adverse effect that can be seen in patients exposed to biological drugs&#44; mainly anti-TNF&#46; It is necessary to know about this phenomenon and to establish adequate treatment&#44; sometimes requiring discontinuation of the biological drug and&#47;or change of therapeutic target&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Funding</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors of this publication declare that they have received no fees from any public or private agency&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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          "titulo" => "Funding"
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        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0035"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interests"
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        11 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack559646"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgements"
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        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
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    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2019-09-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2019-12-26"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
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          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Chronic inflammatory disease"
            1 => "Biological drugs"
            2 => "Paradoxical psoriasis"
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1425604"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Enfermedad inflamatoria cr&#243;nica"
            1 => "F&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos"
            2 => "Psoriasis parad&#243;jica"
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        ]
      ]
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      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To describe a multicentre case series of new onset or worsening of psoriasis in patients treated with biological drugs&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive study&#46; We reviewed the clinical history of patients with chronic inflammatory disease &#40;CID&#41; treated with biological drugs&#44; who developed new onset or worsening of psoriasis during the follow-up period&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Twenty-six cases of paradoxical psoriasis &#40;PP&#41; were recorded&#46; Ninety-three percent of the patients were treated with anti-TNF&#945; and adalimumab was responsible for 50&#37; of the cases&#46; Only 5 patients had a personal history of psoriasis&#46; The biological drug was discontinued in 13 patients&#46; Lesion recurrence was more frequent when another anti-TNF&#945; was reintroduced&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The PP is a reversible adverse effect that can be observed in patients exposed to biological drugs&#44; mainly anti-TNF&#945;&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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          1 => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Describir una serie multic&#233;ntrica de casos de inducci&#243;n o empeoramiento de psoriasis en pacientes tratados con f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo&#46; Se revis&#243; la historia cl&#237;nica de pacientes con enfermedad inflamatoria cr&#243;nica &#40;EIC&#41; en tratamiento con f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#44; y que presentaron durante el per&#237;odo de seguimiento&#44; psoriasis de nueva aparici&#243;n o empeoramiento de la misma&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se registraron 26 casos de psoriasis parad&#243;jica &#40;PP&#41;&#46; El 93&#37; de los pacientes estaban en tratamiento con un anti-TNF&#945;&#44; siendo el adalimumab el responsable del 50&#37; de los casos&#46; Solo 5 pacientes presentaban antecedentes personales de psoriasis&#46; En 13 pacientes fue necesario retirar el f&#225;rmaco biol&#243;gico y la recidiva de las lesiones fue m&#225;s frecuente en los pacientes en los que se reintrodujo otro anti-TNF&#945;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La PP es un efecto adverso reversible que se puede observar en pacientes expuestos a f&#225;rmacos biol&#243;gicos&#44; principalmente a anti-TNF&#945;&#46;</p></span>"
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        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Montolio Chiva L&#44; Mart&#237;nez Ferrer &#192;&#44; Mateu Puchades A&#44; Campos Fern&#225;ndez C&#44; Narv&#225;ez Garcia J&#44; Alegre Sancho JJ&#46; Psoriasis inducida por terapia biol&#243;gica&#46; Reumatol Clin&#46; 2021&#59;17&#58;437&#8211;439&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Images of palmoplantar psoriasis in a patient under treatment with anti-TNF&#46;</p>"
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Article information
ISSN: 21735743
Original language: English
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