Evaluation of brain changes in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients using two different techniques of MRI: Is it really worthy?

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Parte 2: seguimiento del embarazo" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Esther Rodríguez Almaraz, Luis Sáez-Comet, Manel Casellas, Paloma Delgado, Amaia Ugarte, Paloma Vela-Casasempere, Nuria Martínez Sánchez, Maria Galindo-Izquierdo, Gerard Espinosa, Beatriz Marco, Juan Antonio Martínez López, Angel Robles, Victor Martínez-Taboada, Jose Luis Bartha, Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza" "autores" => array:15 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Esther" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez Almaraz" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Luis" "apellidos" => "Sáez-Comet" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Manel" "apellidos" => "Casellas" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Paloma" "apellidos" => "Delgado" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Amaia" "apellidos" => "Ugarte" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Paloma" "apellidos" => "Vela-Casasempere" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nuria" "apellidos" => "Martínez Sánchez" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Maria" "apellidos" => "Galindo-Izquierdo" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gerard" "apellidos" => "Espinosa" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Beatriz" "apellidos" => "Marco" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Antonio" "apellidos" => "Martínez López" ] 11 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Angel" "apellidos" => "Robles" ] 12 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Victor" "apellidos" => "Martínez-Taboada" ] 13 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jose Luis" "apellidos" => "Bartha" ] 14 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Guillermo" "apellidos" => "Ruiz-Irastorza" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S1699258X19301317" "doi" => "10.1016/j.reuma.2019.09.003" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1699258X19301317?idApp=UINPBA00004M" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173574320300447?idApp=UINPBA00004M" "url" => "/21735743/0000001700000003/v1_202103030852/S2173574320300447/v1_202103030852/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Evaluation of brain changes in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients using two different techniques of MRI: Is it really worthy?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "132" "paginaFinal" => "136" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Rania M. Gamal, Abeer M. Ghandour, Mohamed Zidan, Marwa A.A. Galal" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rania M." "apellidos" => "Gamal" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Abeer M." "apellidos" => "Ghandour" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mohamed" "apellidos" => "Zidan" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Marwa A.A." "apellidos" => "Galal" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "marwa.a.galal@aun.edu.eg" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine Department, Assiut University Hospitals Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Radiodiagnosis Department, Assiut University Hospitals Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Evaluación de los cambios cerebrales en pacientes con esclerosis sistémica que utilizan 2 técnicas diferentes de resonancia magnética: ¿es realmente valiosa?" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1259 "Ancho" => 2161 "Tamanyo" => 117411 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The relation between MRI and vascular severity (Medsger Vascular Score)." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare chronic autoimmune disease, with multi-organ affection, of unknown cause and a complex pathogenesis. This multi-system affection exhibits evidence of inflammation, vasculopathy, autoimmunity, and fibrosis.The major pathologic components of SSc are vascular disease and progressive fibrosis. The vasculopathy is either microvascular (which is the hallmark of the disease) or macrovascular, resulting in tissue ischemia with recurrent episodes of reperfusion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">1–4</a>Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging (DWI) is an advanced MR imaging technique, which allows non-invasive evaluation of water diffusibility in brain tissue, as first described by Stejskal and Tanner in 1965.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">5–8</a> DWI is sensitive to the random translational motion of water molecules due to Brownian motion. Diffusion weighted images (DW-images) are generated by adding an opposing pair of diffusion gradients to spin-echo or echo planar imaging sequences. For stationary molecules, the effects of the first (tagging) and the second (un-tagging) gradient pulses cancel each other out. For mobile, diffusible molecules there is incomplete rephrasing resulting in a net phase shift, which leads to a signal loss. In practice, tissue with restricted diffusion will appear hyperintense to normal tissue on DW-images.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">5,6</a>During the last few years, DWI has been shown to be an excellent tool for the detection of acute stroke (gives us an idea about the ischemic and salvageable area to guide the management). As well as activity of any vascular or inflammatory lesions (e.g. vasculitis or vasculopathy) where DWI can detect small and active changes and differentiate ischemic disease process from others. Furthermore, old brain lesions (3–6 months old), where tissues were deprived from blood supply, appear as hypointense lesions (different shades of gray to black) in a radiologic terminology called encephalomalacia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">9–14</a>Material and methodsFifteen patients, diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for the diagnosis of systemic sclerosis,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">15</a> attending the Rheumatology, Rehabilitation & Physical medicine outpatient clinic in Assiut University Hospitals were studied.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Board of Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, and informed consent was obtained from all participants according to the Declaration of Helsinki.Their ages ranged between 27 and 60 years (42±10.18), with disease duration between 1 and 20 years (7.8±6.8). All patients were subjected to full history taking, clinical and basic laboratory evaluation (CBC, ESR, liver function tests, kidney function tests, fasting blood sugar, and lipid profile) in addition to pulmonary function tests, and echocardiography. Radiological evaluation and imaging using plain chest radiographs, high-resolution CT chest, and abdominal ultrasound were also done. The Medsger scale of disease severity was used.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">16</a> None of the patients had any history of cerebrovascular accidents, head trauma, or clinical evidences of neuropsychiatric disease.Patients who suffered severe or uncontrolled arterial hypertension, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, renal, hepatic, or respiratory failure were excluded from the study.Fourteen healthy volunteers, sex and age matched with the studied group, were enrolled in the study serving as a control group.Both groups were subjected to brain MR examination at 1.5T (Achieva, Philips, Netherlands). After centering with a three-step scout (axial, coronal, and sagittal), an axial spin echo, FLAIR weighted sequence was acquired with the following technical parameters: time of repetition/time of echo=11,000/140, matrix 232/512; field of view 230mm with thickness of 5mm (1mm gap), for a total of 23 images with NSA 2. The FLAIR images were used for counting focal brain abnormalities in both patients with SSc and the CG. The FLAIR is higher sensitive sequence for periventricular lesions in white matter than other weighted images. Diffusion weighted sequence performed as echo-planar sequence in following parameters; time of repetition/time of echo=3773/117, matrix 152/256; field of view 230mm with thickness of 5mm (1mm gap), for a total of 23 images with NSA 1 and EPI factor 55. The DW images were acquired in 0 and 1000s/mm2 and the diffusion gradients applied simultaneously in three orthogonal spatial directions.These images were evaluated by the radiologist. He counted the white matter hyperintensities in all brain regions. All the abnormalities were electronically measured (along the longest diameter) to distinguish the lesions ≥2mm or less.For statistical analysis, data was analyzed by using the advanced Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program version 20. Chi-square test and Spearman's correlation test was used to examine the relation and correlation between continuous variables. P-Value was considered statistically significant when it was ≤.05.ResultsAll patients were females. Nine of them had limited SSc (60%), while the rest of them had diffuse type (40%).Thirteen patients (86.7%) suffered peripheral vascular affection (Raynaud's disease) as 7 of them (46.7%) had moderate vascular affection, while 5 patients (33.3%) suffered severe vascular affection and one patient (6.7%) had mild peripheral vascular affection according to Medsger SSc severity scale (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>A total of 37 of white matter hyperintense (WMH) lesions were detected in the patients group; 26 lesions <2mm and 11 lesions ≥2mm (8 of them were ≥5mm in diameter), using the FLAIR MRI. The number of lesions in one patient ranged between one solitary lesion to 18 WMH lesions.Six patients (40%) showed brain lesions using FLAIR MRI (in different supratentorial deep and subcortical brain regions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1 and 2</a>). Three (20%) of them had severe peripheral vascular affection, while each of the remaining patients had mild, moderate or no peripheral vascular affection. Diffusion weighted MRI failed to detect any hypo- nor hyper-intense lesions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). A non-significant relation (P=.259) between the presence of WMH lesions and the severity of peripheral vascular affection of the disease (Medsgar Vascular Score) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>), as well as non-significant strong correlation was found (r=0.085, P=.764) was also observed.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>None of the control group showed any visible white matter lesion in either MRI techniques.DiscussionSystemic sclerosis represents a complex autoimmune collagen disease that is characterized by multisystem affection. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is known to be rare and unusual in such disease and is claimed to be related to the disease complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">17–19</a> This rarity was attributed to the limited presence of extracellular matrix collagens in cerebral tissue with the following sparing of media and adventitia of cerebral arteries and so, the limited progression of vascular obliteration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245">20–22</a>On the base of the high sensitivity of MRI to detect different vascular insults in the brain, we aimed to evaluate silent brain affection in SSc patients using two different MRI techniques (FLAIR and DW). The current study detected brain changes in SSc patients with asymptomatic CNS manifestations using FLAIR sequence, while diffusion MRI failed to detect the same lesions. The FLAIR technique results (in the matter of site and size of the lesions), were found to be consistent with the results of different studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255">22–25</a> These white matter hyperintenisty (WMH) lesions where considered by the radiologist to be a definite sign of previous microvascular insults (ischemic demyelination), which additionally supports the ischemic non-inflammatory microvasculopathy theory of brain injury in these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260">23,24</a>Unfortunately, the completely negative DW images could not support the previous theory, as it was expected to find evidences of brain vascular insults in form of hypointense lesions that correspond to hyperintense lesions seen in FLAIR films. In year 2000, Oppenheim and her team, also found false negative DW MRI results in patients suffering acute ischemic stroke, especially transient ischemic attacks which remained negative even in their follow up DW Images.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">12,13</a> These findings can support ours in the light of the resemblance between transient ischemic attacks and the reperfusion that happen in microangiopathy in SSc, besides the limited presence of extracellular matrix collagens in the cerebral tissue, sparing of cerebral arteries media & adventitia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245">20,21</a>Furthermore, these negative DW images may be due to technique issue where the lesions are too small to be detected by DWI (of 1.5T magnet) not by the FLAIR images, based on the fact the FLAIR with high spatial resolution displayed a signal abnormality in half the lesions that were not visible on DWI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">12,13</a>Although the results showed non-significant very weak correlation (r=0.085) between presence of brain MRI findings and presence of peripheral microvascular involvement, but we could not exclude the cerebral ischemic microvasculopathy, as multiple WMH were greater in SSc patients with cerebral hypoperfusion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265">24–26</a>This study had some limitations, such as small number of examined patients, the absence of detailed psychologic and intellectual evaluation which might give us an idea about their relationship with small infarcts detected by conventional MRI. In addition to some limitations of DWI technique used, as it is susceptible to false-negative images especially when small punctate infarcts are present in proximity to skull base. Also, the imaging plane (axial or coronal) which comes on the expense of decreased signal-to-noise ratio and increased imaging time and a clear diagnostic benefit that still to be proven, as well as the Magnet power (3T DWI is better than 1.5T DWI).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210">13,27–29</a>It is concluded that asymptomatic CNS vasculopathy is detected in systemic sclerosis using FLAIR MRI, while diffusion MRI will not be cost effective to detect such lesions. Furthermore, these findings suggest a non-inflammatory form of CNS microvasculopathy in SSc patients and we recommend further research work associating intellectual and psychological affection of such CNS asymptomatic patients with imaging finding.FundingNo funding was received.Conflicts of interestThe authors declare no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1474280" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1342782" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1474281" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Fundamento" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1342781" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack516668" "titulo" => "Acknowledgment" ] 11 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-01-31" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-07-01" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1342782" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "SSc brain finding" 1 => "SSc Brain FLAIR MRI" 2 => "SSc Brain FLAIR versus Diffusion MRI" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1342781" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Hallazgo cerebral de esclerosis sistémica" 1 => "Resonancia magnética del cerebro de esclerosis sistémica" 2 => "Resonancia magnética del cerebro de esclerosis sistémica versus difusión de la resonancia magnética" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare chronic multi-system autoimmune disease of unknown cause and a complex pathogenesis. The hallmark of the disease is microvascular vasculopathy which results in tissue ischemia with recurrent episodes of reperfusion. Diffusion-weighted (DW) Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent tool for the detection of activity of any vascular or inflammatory lesions. ObjectivesDetect brain changes in systemic sclerosis patients with asymptomatic CNS manifestations using fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) weighted sequence and diffusion-weighted (DW) sequence MRI. MethodsFifteen systemic sclerosis female patients aged 27–60 years old with disease duration of 1–20 years with no CNS clinical manifestations were included. A controlled group of 14 clinically normal persons, age and sex matched. Both groups were subjected to brain MR examination at 1.5T; a FLAIR weighted sequence and a DW sequence. SPSS (version 20) was used for statistical analysis. Results37 white matter hyperintense lesions (≤2 to ≥ 5mm in diameter) were detected in patient group using FLAIR weighted MRI while diffusion-weighted MRI failed to detect the same lesions. A non-significant relation (P=.259) between the presence of white matter hyperintense lesions and the severity of peripheral vascular affection of the disease was observed. ConclusionsAsymptomatic central nervous system vasculopathy is detected in systemic sclerosis using FLAIR MRI, while diffusion MRI failed to detect such lesions. These findings suggest a non-inflammatory form of central nervous system microvasculopathy in SSc patients." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "FundamentoLa esclerosis sistémica (SSc) es una rara enfermedad crónica autoinmune multisistémica de causa desconocida y una patogénesis compleja. El sello distintivo de la enfermedad es la vasculopatía microvascular que se traduce en isquemia tisular con episodios recurrentes de reperfusión. La resonancia magnética (RM) ponderada por difusión (DW) es una excelente herramienta para la detección de la actividad de cualquier lesión vascular o inflamatoria. ObjetivosDetectar cambios cerebrales en pacientes con SSc con manifestaciones del sistema nervioso central (SNC) asintomáticas utilizando FLAIR y DW-RM. MétodosQuince pacientes con SSc sin manifestaciones del SNC incluidos. Un grupo de 14 personas sanas estandarizadas por edad y sexo en el grupo de pacientes como grupo de control. La RM cerebral se hizo para obtener ambos grupos (pacientes y control) en 1,5T. La prueba de Chi-cuadrado y la prueba de correlación de Spearman SPSS® (versión 20) se utilizaron para el análisis estadístico. ResultadosSe detectaron 37 lesiones hiperintensas de materia blanca (≤2-≥5mm de diámetro) en el grupo de pacientes que utilizaron RM ponderada con FLAIR, mientras que la DW-RM no detectó las mismas lesiones. Se observó una relación no significativa (p=0,259) entre la presencia de lesiones hiperintensas de la materia blanca y la severidad del afecto vascular periférico de la enfermedad. ConclusionesLa vasculopatía del SNC asintomática se detecta en la SSc mediante la RM de FLAIR, mientras que la RM de difusión no detectó tales lesiones. Estos hallazgos sugieren una forma no inflamatoria de la microvasculopatía del SNC en pacientes con SSc." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Fundamento" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 911 "Ancho" => 1733 "Tamanyo" => 157280 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A female patient aged (27 years) and suffered from SS since (3 years). (A) FLAIR MRI shows a rather-defined single hyperintense signal lesion seen at deep periventricular white matter of the parietal regions with no comparable signal abnormality on DWI (B) suggesting late subacute to chronic ischemic lesions." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 929 "Ancho" => 1733 "Tamanyo" => 159105 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A female patient aged (60 years) and suffered from SS since (4 years). (A) FLAIR MRI shows multiple rather-defined hyperintense signal foci seen at deep periventricular white matter of both parietal regions with no comparable signal abnormality on DWI (B) suggesting late subacute to chronic ischemic lesions." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1259 "Ancho" => 2161 "Tamanyo" => 117411 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The relation between MRI and vascular severity (Medsger Vascular Score)." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Item \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients (n=14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n=14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27–60 (42±10.18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25–64 (40.13±8.51) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sex</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Disease duration (years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1–20 (7.8±6.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Systemic sclerosis (SSc) subtype:</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Limited SSc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (60%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Diffuse SSc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (40%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Raynaud's disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (86.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Medsger scale for severity of peripheral vascular affection \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Normal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2(13.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mild \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (6.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Moderate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 (46.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Severe \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (33.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">End stage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2536833.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Demographic and clinical data in study and control groups." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "−ve: absence of lesions; +ve: presence of lesions." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Imaging features of the study group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patients (n=15) (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controls (n=14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Brain diffusion MRI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Brain FLAIR MRI</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No lesions (−ve) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (60%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (100%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hyperintense lesions (+ve) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (40%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total numbers of lesions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of lesions<2mm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of lesions≥2mm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of lesions≥5mm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2536832.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Imaging features of the study groups, comparing both MRI techniques (FLAIR/DWI) among patinets and controls." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:29 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The endothelium: its role in scleroderma" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J.D. 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Original Article

Evaluation of brain changes in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients using two different techniques of MRI: Is it really worthy?

Evaluación de los cambios cerebrales en pacientes con esclerosis sistémica que utilizan 2 técnicas diferentes de resonancia magnética: ¿es realmente valiosa?

Rania M. Gamala, Abeer M. Ghandoura, Mohamed Zidanb, Marwa A.A. Galala,

Corresponding author

marwa.a.galal@aun.edu.eg

Corresponding author.

a Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine Department, Assiut University Hospitals Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt

b Radiodiagnosis Department, Assiut University Hospitals Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt

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    "titulo" => "Evaluation of brain changes in systemic sclerosis &#40;SSc&#41; patients using two different techniques of MRI&#58; Is it really worthy&#63;"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The relation between MRI and vascular severity &#40;Medsger Vascular Score&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic sclerosis &#40;SSc&#41; is a rare chronic autoimmune disease&#44; with multi-organ affection&#44; of unknown cause and a complex pathogenesis&#46; This multi-system affection exhibits evidence of inflammation&#44; vasculopathy&#44; autoimmunity&#44; and fibrosis&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The major pathologic components of SSc are vascular disease and progressive fibrosis&#46; The vasculopathy is either microvascular &#40;which is the hallmark of the disease&#41; or macrovascular&#44; resulting in tissue ischemia with recurrent episodes of reperfusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance &#40;MR&#41; imaging &#40;DWI&#41; is an advanced MR imaging technique&#44; which allows non-invasive evaluation of water diffusibility in brain tissue&#44; as first described by Stejskal and Tanner in 1965&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8</span></a> DWI is sensitive to the random translational motion of water molecules due to Brownian motion&#46; Diffusion weighted images &#40;DW-images&#41; are generated by adding an opposing pair of diffusion gradients to spin-echo or echo planar imaging sequences&#46; For stationary molecules&#44; the effects of the first &#40;tagging&#41; and the second &#40;un-tagging&#41; gradient pulses cancel each other out&#46; For mobile&#44; diffusible molecules there is incomplete rephrasing resulting in a net phase shift&#44; which leads to a signal loss&#46; In practice&#44; tissue with restricted diffusion will appear hyperintense to normal tissue on DW-images&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the last few years&#44; DWI has been shown to be an excellent tool for the detection of acute stroke &#40;gives us an idea about the ischemic and salvageable area to guide the management&#41;&#46; As well as activity of any vascular or inflammatory lesions &#40;e&#46;g&#46; vasculitis or vasculopathy&#41; where DWI can detect small and active changes and differentiate ischemic disease process from others&#46; Furthermore&#44; old brain lesions &#40;3&#8211;6 months old&#41;&#44; where tissues were deprived from blood supply&#44; appear as hypointense lesions &#40;different shades of gray to black&#41; in a radiologic terminology called encephalomalacia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;14</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Material and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fifteen patients&#44; diagnosed according to the American College of Rheumatology &#40;ACR&#41; criteria for the diagnosis of systemic sclerosis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> attending the Rheumatology&#44; Rehabilitation &#38; Physical medicine outpatient clinic in Assiut University Hospitals were studied&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Board of Faculty of Medicine&#44; Assiut University&#44; and informed consent was obtained from all participants according to the Declaration of Helsinki&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Their ages ranged between 27 and 60 years &#40;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;18&#41;&#44; with disease duration between 1 and 20 years &#40;7&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;8&#41;&#46; All patients were subjected to full history taking&#44; clinical and basic laboratory evaluation &#40;CBC&#44; ESR&#44; liver function tests&#44; kidney function tests&#44; fasting blood sugar&#44; and lipid profile&#41; in addition to pulmonary function tests&#44; and echocardiography&#46; Radiological evaluation and imaging using plain chest radiographs&#44; high-resolution CT chest&#44; and abdominal ultrasound were also done&#46; The Medsger scale of disease severity was used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> None of the patients had any history of cerebrovascular accidents&#44; head trauma&#44; or clinical evidences of neuropsychiatric disease&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients who suffered severe or uncontrolled arterial hypertension&#44; uncontrolled diabetes mellitus&#44; renal&#44; hepatic&#44; or respiratory failure were excluded from the study&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fourteen healthy volunteers&#44; sex and age matched with the studied group&#44; were enrolled in the study serving as a control group&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Both groups were subjected to brain MR examination at 1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T &#40;Achieva&#44; Philips&#44; Netherlands&#41;&#46; After centering with a three-step scout &#40;axial&#44; coronal&#44; and sagittal&#41;&#44; an axial spin echo&#44; FLAIR weighted sequence was acquired with the following technical parameters&#58; time of repetition&#47;time of echo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#44;000&#47;140&#44; matrix 232&#47;512&#59; field of view 230<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm with thickness of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm gap&#41;&#44; for a total of 23 images with NSA 2&#46; The FLAIR images were used for counting focal brain abnormalities in both patients with SSc and the CG&#46; The FLAIR is higher sensitive sequence for periventricular lesions in white matter than other weighted images&#46; Diffusion weighted sequence performed as echo-planar sequence in following parameters&#59; time of repetition&#47;time of echo<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3773&#47;117&#44; matrix 152&#47;256&#59; field of view 230<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm with thickness of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm gap&#41;&#44; for a total of 23 images with NSA 1 and EPI factor 55&#46; The DW images were acquired in 0 and 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and the diffusion gradients applied simultaneously in three orthogonal spatial directions&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These images were evaluated by the radiologist&#46; He counted the white matter hyperintensities in all brain regions&#46; All the abnormalities were electronically measured &#40;along the longest diameter&#41; to distinguish the lesions &#8805;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm or less&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For statistical analysis&#44; data was analyzed by using the advanced Statistical Package for Social Sciences &#40;SPSS&#41; program version 20&#46; Chi-square test and Spearman&#39;s correlation test was used to examine the relation and correlation between continuous variables&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-Value was considered statistically significant when it was &#8804;&#46;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients were females&#46; Nine of them had limited SSc &#40;60&#37;&#41;&#44; while the rest of them had diffuse type &#40;40&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thirteen patients &#40;86&#46;7&#37;&#41; suffered peripheral vascular affection &#40;Raynaud&#39;s disease&#41; as 7 of them &#40;46&#46;7&#37;&#41; had moderate vascular affection&#44; while 5 patients &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41; suffered severe vascular affection and one patient &#40;6&#46;7&#37;&#41; had mild peripheral vascular affection according to Medsger SSc severity scale &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 37 of white matter hyperintense &#40;WMH&#41; lesions were detected in the patients group&#59; 26 lesions &#60;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and 11 lesions &#8805;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;8 of them were &#8805;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter&#41;&#44; using the FLAIR MRI&#46; The number of lesions in one patient ranged between one solitary lesion to 18 WMH lesions&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Six patients &#40;40&#37;&#41; showed brain lesions using FLAIR MRI &#40;in different supratentorial deep and subcortical brain regions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; Three &#40;20&#37;&#41; of them had severe peripheral vascular affection&#44; while each of the remaining patients had mild&#44; moderate or no peripheral vascular affection&#46; Diffusion weighted MRI failed to detect any hypo- nor hyper-intense lesions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; A non-significant relation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;259&#41; between the presence of WMH lesions and the severity of peripheral vascular affection of the disease &#40;Medsgar Vascular Score&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#44; as well as non-significant strong correlation was found &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;085&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;764&#41; was also observed&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None of the control group showed any visible white matter lesion in either MRI techniques&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic sclerosis represents a complex autoimmune collagen disease that is characterized by multisystem affection&#46; Central nervous system &#40;CNS&#41; involvement is known to be rare and unusual in such disease and is claimed to be related to the disease complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;19</span></a> This rarity was attributed to the limited presence of extracellular matrix collagens in cerebral tissue with the following sparing of media and adventitia of cerebral arteries and so&#44; the limited progression of vascular obliteration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#8211;22</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the base of the high sensitivity of MRI to detect different vascular insults in the brain&#44; we aimed to evaluate silent brain affection in SSc patients using two different MRI techniques &#40;FLAIR and DW&#41;&#46; The current study detected brain changes in SSc patients with asymptomatic CNS manifestations using FLAIR sequence&#44; while diffusion MRI failed to detect the same lesions&#46; The FLAIR technique results &#40;in the matter of site and size of the lesions&#41;&#44; were found to be consistent with the results of different studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#8211;25</span></a> These white matter hyperintenisty &#40;WMH&#41; lesions where considered by the radiologist to be a definite sign of previous microvascular insults &#40;ischemic demyelination&#41;&#44; which additionally supports the ischemic non-inflammatory microvasculopathy theory of brain injury in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unfortunately&#44; the completely negative DW images could not support the previous theory&#44; as it was expected to find evidences of brain vascular insults in form of hypointense lesions that correspond to hyperintense lesions seen in FLAIR films&#46; In year 2000&#44; Oppenheim and her team&#44; also found false negative DW MRI results in patients suffering acute ischemic stroke&#44; especially transient ischemic attacks which remained negative even in their follow up DW Images&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> These findings can support ours in the light of the resemblance between transient ischemic attacks and the reperfusion that happen in microangiopathy in SSc&#44; besides the limited presence of extracellular matrix collagens in the cerebral tissue&#44; sparing of cerebral arteries media &#38; adventitia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; these negative DW images may be due to technique issue where the lesions are too small to be detected by DWI &#40;of 1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T magnet&#41; not by the FLAIR images&#44; based on the fact the FLAIR with high spatial resolution displayed a signal abnormality in half the lesions that were not visible on DWI&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the results showed non-significant very weak correlation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;085&#41; between presence of brain MRI findings and presence of peripheral microvascular involvement&#44; but we could not exclude the cerebral ischemic microvasculopathy&#44; as multiple WMH were greater in SSc patients with cerebral hypoperfusion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#8211;26</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study had some limitations&#44; such as small number of examined patients&#44; the absence of detailed psychologic and intellectual evaluation which might give us an idea about their relationship with small infarcts detected by conventional MRI&#46; In addition to some limitations of DWI technique used&#44; as it is susceptible to false-negative images especially when small punctate infarcts are present in proximity to skull base&#46; Also&#44; the imaging plane &#40;axial or coronal&#41; which comes on the expense of decreased signal-to-noise ratio and increased imaging time and a clear diagnostic benefit that still to be proven&#44; as well as the Magnet power &#40;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T DWI is better than 1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T DWI&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;27&#8211;29</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is concluded that asymptomatic CNS vasculopathy is detected in systemic sclerosis using FLAIR MRI&#44; while diffusion MRI will not be cost effective to detect such lesions&#46; Furthermore&#44; these findings suggest a non-inflammatory form of CNS microvasculopathy in SSc patients and we recommend further research work associating intellectual and psychological affection of such CNS asymptomatic patients with imaging finding&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Funding</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Systemic sclerosis &#40;SSc&#41; is a rare chronic multi-system autoimmune disease of unknown cause and a complex pathogenesis&#46; The hallmark of the disease is microvascular vasculopathy which results in tissue ischemia with recurrent episodes of reperfusion&#46; Diffusion-weighted &#40;DW&#41; Magnetic Resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; is an excellent tool for the detection of activity of any vascular or inflammatory lesions&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objectives</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Detect brain changes in systemic sclerosis patients with asymptomatic CNS manifestations using fluid attenuation inversion recovery &#40;FLAIR&#41; weighted sequence and diffusion-weighted &#40;DW&#41; sequence MRI&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fifteen systemic sclerosis female patients aged 27&#8211;60 years old with disease duration of 1&#8211;20 years with no CNS clinical manifestations were included&#46; A controlled group of 14 clinically normal persons&#44; age and sex matched&#46; Both groups were subjected to brain MR examination at 1&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T&#59; a FLAIR weighted sequence and a DW sequence&#46; SPSS &#40;version 20&#41; was used for statistical analysis&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">37 white matter hyperintense lesions &#40;&#8804;2 to &#8805; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in diameter&#41; were detected in patient group using FLAIR weighted MRI while diffusion-weighted MRI failed to detect the same lesions&#46; A non-significant relation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#46;259&#41; between the presence of white matter hyperintense lesions and the severity of peripheral vascular affection of the disease was observed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Asymptomatic central nervous system vasculopathy is detected in systemic sclerosis using FLAIR MRI&#44; while diffusion MRI failed to detect such lesions&#46; These findings suggest a non-inflammatory form of central nervous system microvasculopathy in SSc patients&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
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            "identificador" => "abst0015"
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        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Fundamento</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La esclerosis sist&#233;mica &#40;SSc&#41; es una rara enfermedad cr&#243;nica autoinmune multisist&#233;mica de causa desconocida y una patog&#233;nesis compleja&#46; El sello distintivo de la enfermedad es la vasculopat&#237;a microvascular que se traduce en isquemia tisular con episodios recurrentes de reperfusi&#243;n&#46; La resonancia magn&#233;tica &#40;RM&#41; ponderada por difusi&#243;n &#40;DW&#41; es una excelente herramienta para la detecci&#243;n de la actividad de cualquier lesi&#243;n vascular o inflamatoria&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Detectar cambios cerebrales en pacientes con SSc con manifestaciones del sistema nervioso central &#40;SNC&#41; asintom&#225;ticas utilizando FLAIR y DW-RM&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Quince pacientes con SSc sin manifestaciones del SNC incluidos&#46; Un grupo de 14 personas sanas estandarizadas por edad y sexo en el grupo de pacientes como grupo de control&#46; La RM cerebral se hizo para obtener ambos grupos &#40;pacientes y control&#41; en 1&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T&#46; La prueba de Chi-cuadrado y la prueba de correlaci&#243;n de Spearman SPSS&#174; &#40;versi&#243;n 20&#41; se utilizaron para el an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se detectaron 37 lesiones hiperintensas de materia blanca &#40;&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2-&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm de di&#225;metro&#41; en el grupo de pacientes que utilizaron RM ponderada con FLAIR&#44; mientras que la DW-RM no detect&#243; las mismas lesiones&#46; Se observ&#243; una relaci&#243;n no significativa &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;259&#41; entre la presencia de lesiones hiperintensas de la materia blanca y la severidad del afecto vascular perif&#233;rico de la enfermedad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La vasculopat&#237;a del SNC asintom&#225;tica se detecta en la SSc mediante la RM de FLAIR&#44; mientras que la RM de difusi&#243;n no detect&#243; tales lesiones&#46; Estos hallazgos sugieren una forma no inflamatoria de la microvasculopat&#237;a del SNC en pacientes con SSc&#46;</p></span>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A female patient aged &#40;27 years&#41; and suffered from SS since &#40;3 years&#41;&#46; &#40;A&#41; FLAIR MRI shows a rather-defined single hyperintense signal lesion seen at deep periventricular white matter of the parietal regions with no comparable signal abnormality on DWI &#40;B&#41; suggesting late subacute to chronic ischemic lesions&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A female patient aged &#40;60 years&#41; and suffered from SS since &#40;4 years&#41;&#46; &#40;A&#41; FLAIR MRI shows multiple rather-defined hyperintense signal foci seen at deep periventricular white matter of both parietal regions with no comparable signal abnormality on DWI &#40;B&#41; suggesting late subacute to chronic ischemic lesions&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#8211;20 &#40;7&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Systemic sclerosis &#40;SSc&#41; subtype&#58;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Limited SSc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;60&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Diffuse SSc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;40&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Raynaud&#39;s disease</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;86&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medsger scale for severity of peripheral vascular affection</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#40;13&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;6&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moderate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;46&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of lesions<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                    0 => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Spin diffusion measurements&#58; spin echo in the presence of a time dependent field gradient"
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                      "titulo" => "Posterior leukoencephalopathy without severe hypertension&#58; utility of diffusion weighted MRI"
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Article information

ISSN: 21735743
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.reumae.2019.07.005

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	42	29	71
2024 September	46	15	61
2024 August	55	31	86
2024 July	47	28	75
2024 June	67	39	106
2024 May	65	28	93
2024 April	68	18	86
2024 March	70	27	97
2024 February	44	23	67
2024 January	41	26	67
2023 December	34	36	70
2023 November	60	54	114
2023 October	47	29	76
2023 September	155	33	188
2023 August	51	19	70
2023 July	50	25	75
2023 June	30	23	53
2023 May	49	30	79
2023 April	34	6	40
2023 March	69	22	91
2023 February	47	25	72
2023 January	34	22	56
2022 December	63	38	101
2022 November	52	38	90
2022 October	41	39	80
2022 September	34	25	59
2022 August	31	31	62
2022 July	37	45	82
2022 June	25	35	60
2022 May	28	34	62
2022 April	34	48	82
2022 March	29	42	71
2022 February	32	29	61
2022 January	41	40	81
2021 December	29	43	72
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