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This is the case of septic arthritis of a sternoclavicular joint, in which infectious disease is considered very rare,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a> and which, moreover, has been associated with immunosuppression situations, neoplasia or secondary metabolic deficiency states.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Clinical Observation</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present a series of 5 cases of sternoclavicular NJSA diagnosed in the emergency department of our hospital between 2012 and 2013, but none of which have been previously included in other series (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Case 1.</span> Male, 45 years. He consulted for clavicular pain of 2 weeks duration and fever of recent onset with pain and sternoclavicular swelling. Ultrasonography showed capsular distension with intraarticular and periarticular power Doppler signal (PDS). The patient was successfully treated with cloxacillin for 6 weeks and then amoxicillin for 4 weeks. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> was isolated both in the synovial fluid (SF) and in the blood culture.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Case 2.</span> Male, 56 years. He consulted for clavicular and cervical pain of 3 weeks of evolution. The point of entry was not identified. One day before admission the patient had high fever and severe fatigue. In the ER we detected fever, tachycardia, and malaise, with a normal blood pressure. On ultrasound we found capsular distension of the sternoclavicular joint with intraarticular PDS (+) identified as well as in the territory of the clavicular sternocleidomastoid. Computed tomography (CT) showed myositis of the sternohyoid and the distal medial clavicular fibers of the sternocleidomastoid branch. It required surgical lavage. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> was isolated in blood cultures and SF.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Case 3.</span> 55-year-old woman, who had a mechanic shoulder pain radiating to the collarbone since 19 days earlier. She had been hospitalized about five days ago for pneumonia and, postdischarge, consulted for progressive shoulder pain and fever in the past 2 days, with no respiratory symptoms. Ultrasonography showed capsular distension, cortical irregularities on both sides, with PDS (&#8722;) intraarticularly and PDS (+/+ + +) in the fibers of the clavicular sternocleidomastoid body. Surgical lavage was performed and treatment was started with cloxacillin, with a good response. SF Cultures showed <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span>.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Case 4.</span> Male 75 years, allergic to beta-lactams, diagnosed with actinic proctitis. He consulted for rectal bleeding, fever of 39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&deg; C and pain in the cervical region for 2 days. In the ER he developed erythema and edema, as well as pain on palpation of the anterior cervical region. A cervical CT angiography determined swelling of the sternoclavicular joint and the sternocleidomastoid, with protrusion into the premediastinic space (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>) contacting the brachiocephalic vein. In the SF, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> was isolated.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Case 5.</span> Male 55 years. He consulted for a painful swelling of the left chest, of 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of evolution. Four days before he consulted for atraumatic left shoulder pain. He presented erythematous and painful swelling of the sternoclavicular joint, fluctuating and with sharp edges. Ultrasonography showed capsular distension and PDS (+) both intracapsular as extracapsularly. A superficial abscess of the joint was also identified. A CT scan confirmed the findings and also detected involvement of the distal clavicular sternocleidomastoid body (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a> Surgical drainage was required. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S. aureus</span> was isolated in the culture.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion and Conclusions</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sternoclavicular NJSA is an uncommon disease, in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7</span></a> The largest collection of the world&#39;s scientific literature includes 170 cases from more than 70 studies published between 1970 and 2004.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Another more recent compilation published in 2004 collected 15 cases, documented between 1989 and 2012.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> It is usually described in the fourth to fifth decade of life, like other atypical location NJSA.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4,6</span></a> The risk factors identified in the literature are: intravenous drug use, infections at a distance, diabetes mellitus, local trauma, central line infection, chronic renal failure, alcoholism, HIV infection, neoplastic disease and cirrhosis,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> Usually it is clinically insidious and can be confused with mechanical neck pain or shoulder pain with clavicular irradiation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In our series, the diagnosis is established after the second week of the onset of symptoms, with the exception of case 4. The most commonly used test for diagnosis was ultrasonography, although confirmation and assessment of the cortical scope required a CT. The most common complication in our series was myositis, a situation that requires surgical debridement, prolonged hospital stays and physical therapy due to residual functional limitation. Osteomyelitis has also been reported in other series.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> In ours, osteomyelitis was described mainly in patients with PDS (+) an intraarticular, sonographic sign denoting intense hyperemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sternoclavicular joint is poorly vascularized, so antibiotic treatment is usually prolonged and management follows a pattern similar to empirical antibiotic therapy of infections of the more common joints affected.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general terms, the clinical onset in immunocompromised patients is no different from the one presented in immunocompetent patients. In our series, we have seen striking differences in the presentation of clinical symptoms: insidious, referred pain to the neck or shoulder, and fever.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,3</span></a> In this sense, we conclude that the situation of immunocompetence should neither rule out the diagnosis nor defer empiric treatment of suspected sternoclavicular NJSA.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Ethical Responsibilities</span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Protection of people and animals</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that this research did not perform experiments on humans or animals.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Data confidentiality</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their workplace regarding the publication of data from patients, and all patients included in the study have received sufficient information and gave written informed consent to participate in the study.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained informed consent from patients and/or subjects referred to in the article. This document is in the possession of the corresponding author.</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflict of Interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no disclosures to make.</p></span></span>"
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        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres411377"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
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        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec387016"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres411378"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
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        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec387015"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Clinical Observation"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Discussion and Conclusions"
        ]
        7 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Ethical Responsibilities"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Protection of people and animals"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Data confidentiality"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of Interest"
        ]
        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2014-01-10"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-03-21"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec387016"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Infectious arthritis"
            1 => "Septic arthritis"
            2 => "Sternoclavicular joint"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec387015"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Artritis infecciosa"
            1 => "Artritis séptica"
            2 => "Articulación esternoclavicular"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Infectious arthritis is a medical emergency whose prognosis, in terms of general morbidity and the final functionality of the joint, depends on rapid diagnosis and treatment. The sternoclavicular joint is an area of low prevalence of this type of arthritis, although its frequency is often concentrated in immunosuppressed patients, users of parenteral drugs or after traumatic events. We present a series of 5 microbiologically documented cases of sternoclavicular septic arthritis, 3 of which occurred in immunocompetent patients, and a short review of this pathology.</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La artritis infecciosa es una urgencia m&eacute;dica de cuyo r&aacute;pido diagn&oacute;stico depende el pron&oacute;stico a corto y medio plazo del estado general del paciente y de la funcionalidad final de la articulaci&oacute;n. La articulaci&oacute;n esternoclavicular es una regi&oacute;n de baja prevalencia de este tipo de artritis, aunque su frecuencia se suele concentrar en pacientes inmunosuprimidos, usuarios de drogas parenterales o tras procedimientos traum&aacute;ticos. Presentamos una serie de 5 casos microbiol&oacute;gicamente documentados de artritis infecciosa esternoclavicular, 3 de los cuales se presentaron en pacientes inmunocompetentes, y una revisi&oacute;n de esta peculiar enfermedad.</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Guill&eacute;n Astete C, Aranda Garc&iacute;a Y, de la Casa Resino C, Carpena Zafrilla M, Bra&ntilde;a Carde&ntilde;osa A, Roldan Moll F, et al. Artritis infecciosa esternoclavicular: serie de 5 casos y revisi&oacute;n de la literatura. Reumatol Clin. 2015;11:48&#8211;51.</p>"
      ]
    ]
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        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Case 4. Two sequential sections of the upper thoracic CT. Limits of the articular capsule (white arrows), involvement of subcutaneous soft tissue (asterisks) and deviation of the airway (open arrow) can be seen.</p>"
        ]
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        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Case 5. (A) outward appearance. (B) CT of the thorax, showing the sternoclavicular joint capsular distention and inflammatory contents inside. (C) clavicle; (E) sternum; (1C) first rib.</p>"
        ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CrCl: creatinine clearance of 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h; HT: hypertension; CRP: C-reactive protein; PD: power Doppler signal; CT: computed tomography.</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gender and age (years)&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comorbidities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Point of entry&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">TIme since onset of symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male, 45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unidentified&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male, 56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hypertension&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unidentified&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">21 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female, 55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hypertension, chronic renal insufficiency (CrCl 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dL)&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hematogenous, lower respiratory infection&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">19 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male, 75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hypertension, prostate adenocarcinoma, bone metastases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unidentified&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male, 55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Hyperferritinemia, hypercholesterolemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Unidentified&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Leukocytes (% neutrophils)&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CRP (mg/L)&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">X ray of sternoclavicular joint&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ultrasound&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12,500 (80)&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">240&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No findings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Distension of the joint capsule, PDS signal (+ + +/+ + +)&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sternoclavicular arthritis, sternal osteomyelitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16,800 (85)&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">188&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Distension of the joint capsule, PD signal (+ +/+ + +)&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sternoclavicular arthritis, sternal and clavicular osteomyelitis, sternohyoid myositis and clavicular body of the sternocleidomastoid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13,400 (85)&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">211&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Irregularities in the clavicular cortical side&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Distension of the capsule, cortical irregularity, negative PD signal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sternoclavicular arthritis, myositis of the sternocleidomastoid clavicular body&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12,300 (86.1)&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">290&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sternoclavicular joint arthritis with effusion without cortical damage. Myositis in the sternocleidomastoid, platysma and prelaryngeal muscles and subcutaneous tissue&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7,550 (78.3)&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">391&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Distension of the capsule, positive PD signal, presence of periarticular subcutaneous abscess&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sternoclavicular joint arthritis with effusion. Involvement of the clavicular sternocleidomastoid branch. Subcutaneous abscess at the joint surface&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patient&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Germ isolated&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Amoxicillin, 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Rapid improvement of the general state and fever on the third day. Complete functional recovery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Amoxicillin, 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Required surgical debridement. Subsequently, good evolution.Required physiotherapy due to limitation of external rotation of the shoulder and neck with contralateral lateralization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Cloxacillin, 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Required surgical debridement. Subsequently, good performance. Required physiotherapydue to limitation of cervical extension and intermediate degrees of rotationin contralateral direction to the lesion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Journal Information
Vol. 11. Issue 1.
Pages 48-51 (January - February 2015)
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Vol. 11. Issue 1.
Pages 48-51 (January - February 2015)
Case Report
Full text access
Sternoclavicular Septic Arthritis: A Series of 5 Cases and Review of the Literature
Artritis infecciosa esternoclavicular: serie de 5 casos y revisión de la literatura
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10708
Carlos Guillén Astetea,b,
Corresponding author
cguillen.hrc@salud.madrid.org

Corresponding author.
, Yolanda Aranda Garcíaa, Cristina de la Casa Resinoa, María Carpena Zafrillaa, Adela Braña Cardeñosaa, Fernando Roldan Molla, César Carballoa, Antonio Zea Mendozab
a Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
b Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Demographic Overview, Additional Tests and Management-Development.
Abstract

Infectious arthritis is a medical emergency whose prognosis, in terms of general morbidity and the final functionality of the joint, depends on rapid diagnosis and treatment. The sternoclavicular joint is an area of low prevalence of this type of arthritis, although its frequency is often concentrated in immunosuppressed patients, users of parenteral drugs or after traumatic events. We present a series of 5 microbiologically documented cases of sternoclavicular septic arthritis, 3 of which occurred in immunocompetent patients, and a short review of this pathology.

Keywords:
Infectious arthritis
Septic arthritis
Sternoclavicular joint
Resumen

La artritis infecciosa es una urgencia médica de cuyo rápido diagnóstico depende el pronóstico a corto y medio plazo del estado general del paciente y de la funcionalidad final de la articulación. La articulación esternoclavicular es una región de baja prevalencia de este tipo de artritis, aunque su frecuencia se suele concentrar en pacientes inmunosuprimidos, usuarios de drogas parenterales o tras procedimientos traumáticos. Presentamos una serie de 5 casos microbiológicamente documentados de artritis infecciosa esternoclavicular, 3 de los cuales se presentaron en pacientes inmunocompetentes, y una revisión de esta peculiar enfermedad.

Palabras clave:
Artritis infecciosa
Artritis séptica
Articulación esternoclavicular
Full Text
Introduction

Septic arthritis of native joints (NJSA) often poses a diagnostic problem as its cardinal clinical semiology is comparable to that of other forms of arthritis.1,2 Also, certain topographical locations make it difficult to recognize because of the poorly distensible nature of some synovial joints, low inflammatory permeability or because they are certainly uncommon. This is the case of septic arthritis of a sternoclavicular joint, in which infectious disease is considered very rare,1,3 and which, moreover, has been associated with immunosuppression situations, neoplasia or secondary metabolic deficiency states.2–6

Clinical Observation

We present a series of 5 cases of sternoclavicular NJSA diagnosed in the emergency department of our hospital between 2012 and 2013, but none of which have been previously included in other series (Table 1).

Table 1.

Demographic Overview, Additional Tests and Management-Development.

Patient  Gender and age (years)  Comorbidities  Point of entry  TIme since onset of symptoms 
Male, 45  None  Unidentified  14 days 
Male, 56  Hypertension  Unidentified  21 days 
Female, 55  Hypertension, chronic renal insufficiency (CrCl 50mg/dL)  Hematogenous, lower respiratory infection  19 days 
Male, 75  Hypertension, prostate adenocarcinoma, bone metastases  Unidentified  15 days 
Male, 55  Hyperferritinemia, hypercholesterolemia  Unidentified  4 days 
Patient  Leukocytes (% neutrophils)  CRP (mg/L)  X ray of sternoclavicular joint  Ultrasound  CT 
12,500 (80)  240  No findings  Distension of the joint capsule, PDS signal (+ + +/+ + +)  Sternoclavicular arthritis, sternal osteomyelitis 
16,800 (85)  188  Not performed  Distension of the joint capsule, PD signal (+ +/+ + +)  Sternoclavicular arthritis, sternal and clavicular osteomyelitis, sternohyoid myositis and clavicular body of the sternocleidomastoid 
13,400 (85)  211  Irregularities in the clavicular cortical side  Distension of the capsule, cortical irregularity, negative PD signal  Sternoclavicular arthritis, myositis of the sternocleidomastoid clavicular body 
12,300 (86.1)  290  Not performed  Not performed  Sternoclavicular joint arthritis with effusion without cortical damage. Myositis in the sternocleidomastoid, platysma and prelaryngeal muscles and subcutaneous tissue 
7,550 (78.3)  391  Not performed  Distension of the capsule, positive PD signal, presence of periarticular subcutaneous abscess  Sternoclavicular joint arthritis with effusion. Involvement of the clavicular sternocleidomastoid branch. Subcutaneous abscess at the joint surface 
Patient  Germ isolated  Intravenous treatment  Oral treatment  Progression 
Staphylococcus aureus  Cloxacillin, 6wk  Amoxicillin, 4wk  Rapid improvement of the general state and fever on the third day. Complete functional recovery 
Staphylococcus aureus  Vancomycin 4wk  Amoxicillin, 4wk  Required surgical debridement. Subsequently, good evolution.Required physiotherapy due to limitation of external rotation of the shoulder and neck with contralateral lateralization 
Streptococcus pneumoniae  Cloxacillin, 6wk  Cloxacillin, 6wk  Required surgical debridement. Subsequently, good performance. Required physiotherapydue to limitation of cervical extension and intermediate degrees of rotationin contralateral direction to the lesion 
Staphylococcus aureus  Vancomycin metronidazole+3wk  Vancomycin metronidazole +6wk  Favorable recovery 
Staphylococcus aureus  Cloxacillin 16 days  Clindamycin, 8wk  Required surgical debridement. Good progression afterward 

CrCl: creatinine clearance of 24h; HT: hypertension; CRP: C-reactive protein; PD: power Doppler signal; CT: computed tomography.

Case 1. Male, 45 years. He consulted for clavicular pain of 2 weeks duration and fever of recent onset with pain and sternoclavicular swelling. Ultrasonography showed capsular distension with intraarticular and periarticular power Doppler signal (PDS). The patient was successfully treated with cloxacillin for 6 weeks and then amoxicillin for 4 weeks. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated both in the synovial fluid (SF) and in the blood culture.

Case 2. Male, 56 years. He consulted for clavicular and cervical pain of 3 weeks of evolution. The point of entry was not identified. One day before admission the patient had high fever and severe fatigue. In the ER we detected fever, tachycardia, and malaise, with a normal blood pressure. On ultrasound we found capsular distension of the sternoclavicular joint with intraarticular PDS (+) identified as well as in the territory of the clavicular sternocleidomastoid. Computed tomography (CT) showed myositis of the sternohyoid and the distal medial clavicular fibers of the sternocleidomastoid branch. It required surgical lavage. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in blood cultures and SF.

Case 3. 55-year-old woman, who had a mechanic shoulder pain radiating to the collarbone since 19 days earlier. She had been hospitalized about five days ago for pneumonia and, postdischarge, consulted for progressive shoulder pain and fever in the past 2 days, with no respiratory symptoms. Ultrasonography showed capsular distension, cortical irregularities on both sides, with PDS (−) intraarticularly and PDS (+/+ + +) in the fibers of the clavicular sternocleidomastoid body. Surgical lavage was performed and treatment was started with cloxacillin, with a good response. SF Cultures showed Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Case 4. Male 75 years, allergic to beta-lactams, diagnosed with actinic proctitis. He consulted for rectal bleeding, fever of 39° C and pain in the cervical region for 2 days. In the ER he developed erythema and edema, as well as pain on palpation of the anterior cervical region. A cervical CT angiography determined swelling of the sternoclavicular joint and the sternocleidomastoid, with protrusion into the premediastinic space (Fig. 1) contacting the brachiocephalic vein. In the SF, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated.

Fig. 1.

Case 4. Two sequential sections of the upper thoracic CT. Limits of the articular capsule (white arrows), involvement of subcutaneous soft tissue (asterisks) and deviation of the airway (open arrow) can be seen.

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Case 5. Male 55 years. He consulted for a painful swelling of the left chest, of 24h of evolution. Four days before he consulted for atraumatic left shoulder pain. He presented erythematous and painful swelling of the sternoclavicular joint, fluctuating and with sharp edges. Ultrasonography showed capsular distension and PDS (+) both intracapsular as extracapsularly. A superficial abscess of the joint was also identified. A CT scan confirmed the findings and also detected involvement of the distal clavicular sternocleidomastoid body (Fig. 2 Surgical drainage was required. S. aureus was isolated in the culture.

Fig. 2.

Case 5. (A) outward appearance. (B) CT of the thorax, showing the sternoclavicular joint capsular distention and inflammatory contents inside. (C) clavicle; (E) sternum; (1C) first rib.

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Discussion and Conclusions

Sternoclavicular NJSA is an uncommon disease, in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients.1,7 The largest collection of the world's scientific literature includes 170 cases from more than 70 studies published between 1970 and 2004.6 Another more recent compilation published in 2004 collected 15 cases, documented between 1989 and 2012.5 It is usually described in the fourth to fifth decade of life, like other atypical location NJSA.1,4,6 The risk factors identified in the literature are: intravenous drug use, infections at a distance, diabetes mellitus, local trauma, central line infection, chronic renal failure, alcoholism, HIV infection, neoplastic disease and cirrhosis,1–3 Usually it is clinically insidious and can be confused with mechanical neck pain or shoulder pain with clavicular irradiation.1 In our series, the diagnosis is established after the second week of the onset of symptoms, with the exception of case 4. The most commonly used test for diagnosis was ultrasonography, although confirmation and assessment of the cortical scope required a CT. The most common complication in our series was myositis, a situation that requires surgical debridement, prolonged hospital stays and physical therapy due to residual functional limitation. Osteomyelitis has also been reported in other series.8 In ours, osteomyelitis was described mainly in patients with PDS (+) an intraarticular, sonographic sign denoting intense hyperemia.9

The sternoclavicular joint is poorly vascularized, so antibiotic treatment is usually prolonged and management follows a pattern similar to empirical antibiotic therapy of infections of the more common joints affected.2,3

In general terms, the clinical onset in immunocompromised patients is no different from the one presented in immunocompetent patients. In our series, we have seen striking differences in the presentation of clinical symptoms: insidious, referred pain to the neck or shoulder, and fever.1,3 In this sense, we conclude that the situation of immunocompetence should neither rule out the diagnosis nor defer empiric treatment of suspected sternoclavicular NJSA.

Ethical ResponsibilitiesProtection of people and animals

The authors declare that this research did not perform experiments on humans or animals.

Data confidentiality

The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their workplace regarding the publication of data from patients, and all patients included in the study have received sufficient information and gave written informed consent to participate in the study.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors have obtained informed consent from patients and/or subjects referred to in the article. This document is in the possession of the corresponding author.

Conflict of Interest

The authors have no disclosures to make.

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Please cite this article as: Guillén Astete C, Aranda García Y, de la Casa Resino C, Carpena Zafrilla M, Braña Cardeñosa A, Roldan Moll F, et al. Artritis infecciosa esternoclavicular: serie de 5 casos y revisión de la literatura. Reumatol Clin. 2015;11:48–51.

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