array:23 [
  "pii" => "S2173574322001538"
  "issn" => "21735743"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.reumae.2021.04.016"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-11-01"
  "aid" => "1530"
  "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2021"
  "documento" => "simple-article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "subdocumento" => "cor"
  "cita" => "Reumatol Clin. 2022;18:563-4"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S2173574321002203"
    "issn" => "21735743"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.reumae.2021.08.002"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-11-01"
    "aid" => "1566"
    "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología"
    "documento" => "simple-article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "cor"
    "cita" => "Reumatol Clin. 2022;18:564-6"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>"
      "titulo" => "How do Spanish Rheumatologists handle referral&#63; Survey of knowledge and approach before and after a training workshop"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "564"
          "paginaFinal" => "566"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "&#191;C&#243;mo manejan la remisi&#243;n los reumat&#243;logos espa&#241;oles&#63; Encuesta de conocimientos y abordaje antes y despu&#233;s de un taller formativo"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Alejandro Balsa, Isidoro Gonz&#225;lez-&#193;lvaro, Raimon Sanmart&#237;, Hector Corominas"
          "autores" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Alejandro"
              "apellidos" => "Balsa"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Isidoro"
              "apellidos" => "Gonz&#225;lez-&#193;lvaro"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Raimon"
              "apellidos" => "Sanmart&#237;"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Hector"
              "apellidos" => "Corominas"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S1699258X21001911"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.reuma.2021.08.002"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => true
          "ES2" => true
          "LATM" => true
        ]
        "gratuito" => true
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1699258X21001911?idApp=UINPBA00004M"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173574321002203?idApp=UINPBA00004M"
    "url" => "/21735743/0000001800000009/v2_202210290545/S2173574321002203/v2_202210290545/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S2173574322001526"
    "issn" => "21735743"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.reumae.2021.04.015"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-11-01"
    "aid" => "1536"
    "copyright" => "Elsevier Espa&#241;a&#44; S&#46;L&#46;U&#46; and Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Reumatolog&#237;a y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatolog&#237;a"
    "documento" => "simple-article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "cor"
    "cita" => "Reumatol Clin. 2022;18:561-3"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:9 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>"
      "titulo" => "Outcomes of Pregnancy in Women With Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in Africa"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "561"
          "paginaFinal" => "563"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Mickael Essouma, Jean Jacques Noubiap"
          "autores" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Mickael"
              "apellidos" => "Essouma"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jean Jacques"
              "apellidos" => "Noubiap"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173574322001526?idApp=UINPBA00004M"
    "url" => "/21735743/0000001800000009/v2_202210290545/S2173574322001526/v2_202210290545/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:15 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Letter to the Editor</span>"
    "titulo" => "The Value of a Negative Antinuclear Antibody &#40;ANA&#41; Test&#58; An Often Forgotten Result"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "saludo" => "Dear Editor&#58;"
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "563"
        "paginaFinal" => "564"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:3 [
        "autoresLista" => "Adrian Y&#46;S&#46; Lee"
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Adrian Y&#46;S&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Lee"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "adrian.lee1@health.nsw.gov.au"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "ICPMR &#38; Department of Immunology&#44; Westmead Hospital&#44; Westmead&#44; NSW&#44; Australia"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Westmead Clinical School&#44; The University of Sydney&#44; Westmead&#44; NSW&#44; Australia"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "El valor de una prueba de anticuerpos antinucleares &#40;ANA&#41; negativa&#58; un resultado a menudo olvidado"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1001
            "Ancho" => 1255
            "Tamanyo" => 287998
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Example cytoplasmic staining on the HEp-2 substrate&#46; &#40;A&#41; F-actin staining suggesting the presence of smooth muscle antibodies found in autoimmune hepatitis and related disorders&#46; &#40;B&#41; Coarse&#44; granular cytoplasmic staining suggestive of anti-mitochondrial antibodies found in primary biliary cirrhosis&#46; &#40;C&#41; Smooth&#44; homogenous cytoplasmic staining suggestive of anti-ribosomal P antibodies found in systemic lupus erythematosus&#46; &#40;D&#41; Large cytoplasmic dots staining suggestive of anti-GW bodies&#46; All micrographs are taken at a magnification of 400&#215;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is quite clear that medicine is biased towards positive results and the same applies to the practice of pathology&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> One of the ubiquitous tests in autoimmunity&#44; the antinuclear antibody &#40;ANA&#41; suffers from this very same fate&#46; A number of guidelines report on the clinical utility of a positive ANA and dissuade clinicians from requesting this test in the setting of low pre-test probability for an ANA-associated autoimmune disorder &#40;AAD&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> This is certainly sound advice and prevents unnecessary investigations and healthcare expenditure&#46; Yet&#44; it is important to realise the clinical importance and pitfalls of a negative ANA results which sometimes becomes forgotten&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The internationally-accepted &#8220;gold standard&#8221; to measure ANA is via indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> A negative ANA test on HEp-2 substrate usually means that there is no significant detection of IgG ANA &#40;in the nucleus&#41; at a specified dilution of serum &#8211; usually 1&#58;80 to 1&#58;160&#46; There is a move to also classify positive cytoplasmic and mitotic staining of the HEp-2 substrate as ANA positive&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> This may improve the sensitivity of detecting AADs and prompt appropriate further testing and follow-up &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The high sensitivity and negative predictive value &#40;NPV&#41; for systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41; makes the ANA test a good &#8220;rule out&#8221; test to essentially exclude this disorder if it is negative&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Indeed&#44; the most recent European League Against Rheumatism&#47;American College of Rheumatology guidelines for the diagnosis of SLE mandates a positive ANA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">&#62;</span>1&#58;80&#41; on the HEp-2 substrate to be considered for this diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Sensitivities for detecting other AADs is low-moderate at best&#59; yet also demonstrates very high NPVs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Unless there has been a significant change in clinical picture or there is a suspicion of a laboratory issue&#44; there is little value in repeating an ANA that is initially negative&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A pitfall is that ANA is a screening test and may&#44; in rare instances&#44; miss low-level specific autoantibodies&#47;anti-extractable nuclear antigens &#40;ENAs&#41; if more sensitive assays are not performed&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> or miss anti-ENA that do not produce a characteristic ANA pattern e&#46;g&#46;&#44; anti-Ro52&#46; Therefore&#44; the substrate should be specified in the report since substrates such as the HEp-2000&#174; &#40;Immunoconcepts&#41; which has transfected Ro60 increase the detection of anti-Ro60 and hence&#44; a negative result makes the presence of anti-Ro60 less likely&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If there is a high clinical suspicion for an AAD&#44; the clinician should request further anti-ENA tests and the overall clinical picture and physician&#39;s interpretation of the patient should prevail&#46; This is especially of importance since commercial HEp-2 substrates&#44; whilst generally demonstrating excellent inter-assay and inter-laboratory agreement&#44; display subtle staining differences that affect the microscopist&#39;s final interpretation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The significance of low levels of anti-ENA with negative ANA is not well established&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude&#44; clinicians should be aware of the value&#44; implications and pitfalls of a negative ANA result when considering AADs&#46; They should also be aware of their laboratory&#39;s definitions of a &#8220;negative&#8221; ANA result&#44; the substrate used and whether they report non-nuclear patterns which may have important implications for their patients&#46; Importantly&#44; the overall clinical picture of the patient should be taken into considerations when deciding on the relevancy of a negative ANA test&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nil&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:3 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interests"
        ]
        2 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "multimedia" => array:1 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1001
            "Ancho" => 1255
            "Tamanyo" => 287998
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Example cytoplasmic staining on the HEp-2 substrate&#46; &#40;A&#41; F-actin staining suggesting the presence of smooth muscle antibodies found in autoimmune hepatitis and related disorders&#46; &#40;B&#41; Coarse&#44; granular cytoplasmic staining suggestive of anti-mitochondrial antibodies found in primary biliary cirrhosis&#46; &#40;C&#41; Smooth&#44; homogenous cytoplasmic staining suggestive of anti-ribosomal P antibodies found in systemic lupus erythematosus&#46; &#40;D&#41; Large cytoplasmic dots staining suggestive of anti-GW bodies&#46; All micrographs are taken at a magnification of 400&#215;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:11 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Publication bias in clinical trials of electronic health records"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "D&#46;K&#46; Vawdrey"
                            1 => "G&#46; Hripcsak"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jbi.2012.08.007"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Biomed Inform"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "46"
                        "paginaInicial" => "139"
                        "paginaFinal" => "141"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22975314"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests&#58; antinuclear antibody testing"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;H&#46; Solomon"
                            1 => "A&#46;J&#46; Kavanaugh"
                            2 => "P&#46;H&#46; Schur"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/art.10561"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arthritis Rheum"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "47"
                        "paginaInicial" => "434"
                        "paginaFinal" => "444"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209492"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Agmon-Levin"
                            1 => "J&#46; Damoiseaux"
                            2 => "C&#46; Kallenberg"
                            3 => "U&#46; Sack"
                            4 => "T&#46; Witte"
                            5 => "M&#46; Herold"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203863"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Rheum Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "73"
                        "paginaInicial" => "17"
                        "paginaFinal" => "23"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24126457"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Clinical relevance of HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescent patterns&#58; the International Consensus on ANA patterns &#40;ICAP&#41; perspective"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Damoiseaux"
                            1 => "L&#46;E&#46;C&#46; Andrade"
                            2 => "O&#46;G&#46; Carballo"
                            3 => "K&#46; Conrad"
                            4 => "P&#46;L&#46;C&#46; Francescantonio"
                            5 => "M&#46;J&#46; Fritzler"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Rheum Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "78"
                        "paginaInicial" => "879"
                        "paginaFinal" => "889"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Performance of antinuclear antibodies for classifying systemic lupus erythematosus&#58; a systematic literature review and meta-regression of diagnostic data"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46; Leuchten"
                            1 => "A&#46; Hoyer"
                            2 => "R&#46; Brinks"
                            3 => "M&#46; Schoels"
                            4 => "M&#46; Schneider"
                            5 => "J&#46; Smolen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arthritis Care Res"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "70"
                        "paginaInicial" => "428"
                        "paginaFinal" => "438"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "2019 European League Against Rheumatism&#47;American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Aringer"
                            1 => "K&#46; Costenbader"
                            2 => "D&#46; Daikh"
                            3 => "R&#46; Brinks"
                            4 => "M&#46; Mosca"
                            5 => "R&#46; Ramsey-Goldman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214819"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Rheum Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "78"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1151"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1159"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31383717"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Antinuclear antibody testing&#58; a study of clinical utility"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46;A&#46; Slater"
                            1 => "R&#46;B&#46; Davis"
                            2 => "R&#46;H&#46; Shmerling"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Intern Med"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "156"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1421"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1425"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8678710"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The concordance of serial ANA tests in an Australian tertiary hospital pathology laboratory"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;Y&#46;S&#46; Lee"
                            1 => "A&#46;R&#46; Hudspeth"
                            2 => "S&#46; Adelstein"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.pathol.2016.06.003"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pathology"
                        "fecha" => "2016"
                        "volumen" => "48"
                        "paginaInicial" => "597"
                        "paginaFinal" => "601"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27600602"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Identification of a unique anti-Ro60 subset with restricted serological and molecular profiles"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46;Y&#46;S&#46; Lee"
                            1 => "D&#46; Beroukas"
                            2 => "L&#46; Brown"
                            3 => "C&#46; Lucchesi"
                            4 => "A&#46; Kaur"
                            5 => "L&#46; Gyedu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/cei.13508"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Exp Immunol"
                        "fecha" => "2021"
                        "volumen" => "203"
                        "paginaInicial" => "13"
                        "paginaFinal" => "21"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32852779"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Utility of the HEp-2000 antinuclear antibody substrate"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "A&#46;Y&#46;S&#46; Lee"
                            1 => "D&#46; Beroukas"
                            2 => "P&#46;J&#46; Roberts-Thomson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215519"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Rheum Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2020"
                        "volumen" => "79"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e67"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31088792"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Screening for IgG antinuclear autoantibodies by HEp-2 indirect fluorescent antibody assays and the need for standardization"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46;S&#46; Copple"
                            1 => "S&#46;R&#46; Giles"
                            2 => "T&#46;D&#46; Jaskowski"
                            3 => "A&#46;E&#46; Gardiner"
                            4 => "A&#46;M&#46; Wilson"
                            5 => "H&#46;R&#46; Hill"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1309/AJCPICNFG7UCES1S"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Clin Pathol"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "137"
                        "paginaInicial" => "825"
                        "paginaFinal" => "830"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22523223"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/21735743/0000001800000009/v2_202210290545/S2173574322001538/v2_202210290545/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "8400"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Letters to the Editor"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735743/0000001800000009/v2_202210290545/S2173574322001538/v2_202210290545/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004M&text.app=https://reumatologiaclinica.org/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173574322001538?idApp=UINPBA00004M"
]
Share
Journal Information
Vol. 18. Issue 9.
Pages 563-564 (November 2022)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 18. Issue 9.
Pages 563-564 (November 2022)
Letter to the Editor
Full text access
The Value of a Negative Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Test: An Often Forgotten Result
El valor de una prueba de anticuerpos antinucleares (ANA) negativa: un resultado a menudo olvidado
Visits
11162
Adrian Y.S. Leea,b
a ICPMR & Department of Immunology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
b Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
This item has received
Article information
Full Text
Bibliography
Download PDF
Statistics
Figures (1)
Full Text
Dear Editor:

It is quite clear that medicine is biased towards positive results and the same applies to the practice of pathology.1 One of the ubiquitous tests in autoimmunity, the antinuclear antibody (ANA) suffers from this very same fate. A number of guidelines report on the clinical utility of a positive ANA and dissuade clinicians from requesting this test in the setting of low pre-test probability for an ANA-associated autoimmune disorder (AAD).2 This is certainly sound advice and prevents unnecessary investigations and healthcare expenditure. Yet, it is important to realise the clinical importance and pitfalls of a negative ANA results which sometimes becomes forgotten.

The internationally-accepted “gold standard” to measure ANA is via indirect immunofluorescence on HEp-2 cells.3 A negative ANA test on HEp-2 substrate usually means that there is no significant detection of IgG ANA (in the nucleus) at a specified dilution of serum – usually 1:80 to 1:160. There is a move to also classify positive cytoplasmic and mitotic staining of the HEp-2 substrate as ANA positive.3,4 This may improve the sensitivity of detecting AADs and prompt appropriate further testing and follow-up (Fig. 1).3

Fig. 1.

Example cytoplasmic staining on the HEp-2 substrate. (A) F-actin staining suggesting the presence of smooth muscle antibodies found in autoimmune hepatitis and related disorders. (B) Coarse, granular cytoplasmic staining suggestive of anti-mitochondrial antibodies found in primary biliary cirrhosis. (C) Smooth, homogenous cytoplasmic staining suggestive of anti-ribosomal P antibodies found in systemic lupus erythematosus. (D) Large cytoplasmic dots staining suggestive of anti-GW bodies. All micrographs are taken at a magnification of 400×.

(0.27MB).

The high sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) makes the ANA test a good “rule out” test to essentially exclude this disorder if it is negative.5 Indeed, the most recent European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology guidelines for the diagnosis of SLE mandates a positive ANA (>1:80) on the HEp-2 substrate to be considered for this diagnosis.6 Sensitivities for detecting other AADs is low-moderate at best; yet also demonstrates very high NPVs.7 Unless there has been a significant change in clinical picture or there is a suspicion of a laboratory issue, there is little value in repeating an ANA that is initially negative.8

A pitfall is that ANA is a screening test and may, in rare instances, miss low-level specific autoantibodies/anti-extractable nuclear antigens (ENAs) if more sensitive assays are not performed,9 or miss anti-ENA that do not produce a characteristic ANA pattern e.g., anti-Ro52. Therefore, the substrate should be specified in the report since substrates such as the HEp-2000® (Immunoconcepts) which has transfected Ro60 increase the detection of anti-Ro60 and hence, a negative result makes the presence of anti-Ro60 less likely.10

If there is a high clinical suspicion for an AAD, the clinician should request further anti-ENA tests and the overall clinical picture and physician's interpretation of the patient should prevail. This is especially of importance since commercial HEp-2 substrates, whilst generally demonstrating excellent inter-assay and inter-laboratory agreement, display subtle staining differences that affect the microscopist's final interpretation.11 The significance of low levels of anti-ENA with negative ANA is not well established.

To conclude, clinicians should be aware of the value, implications and pitfalls of a negative ANA result when considering AADs. They should also be aware of their laboratory's definitions of a “negative” ANA result, the substrate used and whether they report non-nuclear patterns which may have important implications for their patients. Importantly, the overall clinical picture of the patient should be taken into considerations when deciding on the relevancy of a negative ANA test.

Funding

Nil.

Conflict of interests

None declared.

References
[1]
D.K. Vawdrey, G. Hripcsak.
Publication bias in clinical trials of electronic health records.
J Biomed Inform, 46 (2013), pp. 139-141
[2]
D.H. Solomon, A.J. Kavanaugh, P.H. Schur.
Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests: antinuclear antibody testing.
Arthritis Rheum, 47 (2002), pp. 434-444
[3]
N. Agmon-Levin, J. Damoiseaux, C. Kallenberg, U. Sack, T. Witte, M. Herold, et al.
International recommendations for the assessment of autoantibodies to cellular antigens referred to as anti-nuclear antibodies.
Ann Rheum Dis, 73 (2014), pp. 17-23
[4]
J. Damoiseaux, L.E.C. Andrade, O.G. Carballo, K. Conrad, P.L.C. Francescantonio, M.J. Fritzler, et al.
Clinical relevance of HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescent patterns: the International Consensus on ANA patterns (ICAP) perspective.
Ann Rheum Dis, 78 (2019), pp. 879-889
[5]
N. Leuchten, A. Hoyer, R. Brinks, M. Schoels, M. Schneider, J. Smolen, et al.
Performance of antinuclear antibodies for classifying systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic literature review and meta-regression of diagnostic data.
Arthritis Care Res, 70 (2018), pp. 428-438
[6]
M. Aringer, K. Costenbader, D. Daikh, R. Brinks, M. Mosca, R. Ramsey-Goldman, et al.
2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus.
Ann Rheum Dis, 78 (2019), pp. 1151-1159
[7]
C.A. Slater, R.B. Davis, R.H. Shmerling.
Antinuclear antibody testing: a study of clinical utility.
Arch Intern Med, 156 (1996), pp. 1421-1425
[8]
A.Y.S. Lee, A.R. Hudspeth, S. Adelstein.
The concordance of serial ANA tests in an Australian tertiary hospital pathology laboratory.
Pathology, 48 (2016), pp. 597-601
[9]
A.Y.S. Lee, D. Beroukas, L. Brown, C. Lucchesi, A. Kaur, L. Gyedu, et al.
Identification of a unique anti-Ro60 subset with restricted serological and molecular profiles.
Clin Exp Immunol, 203 (2021), pp. 13-21
[10]
A.Y.S. Lee, D. Beroukas, P.J. Roberts-Thomson.
Utility of the HEp-2000 antinuclear antibody substrate.
[11]
S.S. Copple, S.R. Giles, T.D. Jaskowski, A.E. Gardiner, A.M. Wilson, H.R. Hill.
Screening for IgG antinuclear autoantibodies by HEp-2 indirect fluorescent antibody assays and the need for standardization.
Am J Clin Pathol, 137 (2012), pp. 825-830
Copyright © 2021. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología
Download PDF
Idiomas
Reumatología Clínica (English Edition)
Article options
Tools
es en

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?