Información del artículo
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies are a group of heterogeneous, acquired systemic diseases characterized by progressive symmetrical muscle weakness, elevated serum levels of muscle enzymes, electromyographic abnormalities, and inflammatory infiltrates on muscle biopsy. Characteristic histopathologic features allow classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies into polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and sporadic inclusion-body myositis. These are commonly regarded as autoimmune disorders, and various autoantibodies directed to specific nuclear and cytoplasmic antigens are found. Other organs besides the muscle can be involved being the skin and lung the most frequent. Occasionally dermatomyositis and polymyositis can be associated with cancer in a paraneoplastic manner. Corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents are the mainstay therapy, although in refractory cases biologic therapy can be used. Physical therapy can not be forgotten.
Key words:
Inflammatory myopathy
Dermatomyositis
Polymyositis
Inclusion body myositis
Las miopatías inflamatorias idiopáticas son un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades cuya principal característica es la debilidad muscular y la identificación de una inflamación subyacente en la biopsia muscular. Se incluyen en este grupo la dermatomiositis, la polimiositis y recientemente la miositis con cuerpos de inclusión, con toda probabilidad la menos inflamatoria y también la miopatía adquirida más frecuentemente a partir de los 50 años. Aunque el principal órgano diana es el músculo, la piel y el pulmón, entre otros órganos internos, se afectan con frecuencia, por lo que las miopatías inflamatorias se consideran enfermedades sistémicas. En ocasiones pueden asociarse a cáncer y la presencia de autoanticuerpos específicos y asociados a estas enfermedades sustenta la etiología autoinmune del proceso y ayuda a categorizar a los pacientes. El tratamiento incluye la administración de glucocorticoides, inmunodepresores y puntualmente terapias biológicas, sin descuidar la rehabilitación incluso en la fase aguda de la enfermedad.
Palabras clave:
Miopatías inflamatorias
Dermatomiositis
Polimiositis
Miositis con cuerpos de inclusion
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
References
[1.]
A. Bohan, J.B. Peter.
Polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
N Engl J Med, 292 (1975), pp. 344-347
[2.]
J.P. Callen.
Dermatomyositis.
Lancet, 355 (2000), pp. 53-57
[3.]
M.C. Dalakas, R. Hohlfeld.
Polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
Lancet, 362 (2003), pp. 971-982
[4.]
P.H. Plotz, M. Dalakas, R.L. Leff, L.A. Love, F.W. Miller, M.E. Cronin.
Current concepts in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: polymyositis, dermatomyositis and related disorders.
Ann Intern Med, 111 (1989), pp. 143-157
[5.]
M.C. Dalakas.
Polymyositis, dermatomyositis and inclusion-body myositis.
N Engl J Med, 325 (1991), pp. 1487-1498
[6.]
J. Casademont Pou, J.M. Grau Junyent, A. Pou Serradell, A. Urbano-Márquez.
[Myositis with inclusion bodies: a little-known variety of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy].
Med Clin (Barc), 93 (1989), pp. 121-124
[7.]
M. Dalakas.
Inflammatory, immune, and viral aspects of inclusion-body myositis.
Neurology, 66 (2006), pp. S33-S38
[8.]
F.L. Mastaglia, B.A. Phillips.
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: epidemiology, classification, and diagnostic criteria.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 28 (2002), pp. 723-741
[9.]
H. Vargas-Leguás, A. Selva-O’Callaghan, M. Campins-Martí, E. Hermosilla Pérez, J.M. Grau-Junyent, X. Martínez Gómez, et al.
[Polymyositis-dermatomyositis: incidence in Spain (1997–2004)].
Med Clin (Barc), 129 (2007), pp. 721-724
[10.]
O. Miró, M. Laguno, J.R. Alonso, J. Casademont, C. Herrero, A. Selva, et al.
[Clinical course of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: complications, survival and prognostic factors].
Med Clin (Barc), 112 (1999), pp. 521-526
[11.]
M.C. Dalakas.
Muscle biopsy findings in inflammatory myopathies.
Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 28 (2002), pp. 779-798
[12.]
J. Tomasová Studynková, F. Charvát, K. Jarosová, J. Vencovsky.
The role of MRI in the assessment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 46 (2007), pp. 1174-1179
[13.]
N. Nirmalananthana, J.L. Holton, M.G. Hanna.
Is it really myositis? A consideration of the differential diagnosis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 16 (2004), pp. 684-691
[14.]
M.F.G. van der Meulen, I.M. Bronner, J.E. Hoogendijk, H. Burger, W.J. Van Venrooij, A.E. Voskuyl, et al.
Polymyositis. An overdiagnosed entity.
Neurology, 61 (2003), pp. 316-321
[15.]
R.C. Griggs, V. Askanas, S. DiMauro, A. Engel, G. Karpati, J.R. Mendell, et al.
Inclusion body myositis and myopathies.
Ann Neurol, 38 (1995), pp. 705-713
[16.]
E. Sanjurjo, M. Laguno, J.L. Bedini, O. Miró, J.M. Grau.
[Forearm ischemic exercise test. Standardization and diagnostic value in the identification of McArdle disease].
Med Clin (Barc), 122 (2004), pp. 761-766
[17.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, A. Redondo-Benito, E. Trallero-Araguás, X. Martí-nez-Gómez, E. Palou, M. Vilardell-Tarres.
Clinical significance of thyroid disease in patients with inflammatory myopathy.
Medicine (Baltimore), 86 (2007), pp. 293-298
[18.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, M. Labrador-Horrillo, E. Gallardo, A. Herruzo, J.M. Grau-Junyent, M. Vilardell-Tarres.
Muscle inflammation, autoimmune Addison's disease and sarcoidosis in a patient with dysferlin deficiency.
Neuromuscul Disord, 16 (2006), pp. 208-209
[19.]
E. Gallardo, R. Rojas-Garcia, N. de Luna, A. Pou, R.H. Brown Jr., I. Illa.
Inflammation in dysferlin myopathy: immunohistochemical characterization of 13 patients.
Neurology, 57 (2001), pp. 2136-2138
[20.]
E. Casado, J. Gratacós, C. Tolosa, J.M. Martínez, I. Ojanguren, A. Ariza, et al.
Antimalarial myopathy: an underdiagnosed complication?. Prospective longitudinal study of 119 patients.
Ann Rheum Dis, 65 (2006), pp. 385-390
[21.]
Y. Yazici, L.J. Kagen.
Clinical presentation of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.
Rheum Dis North Am, 28 (2002), pp. 823-832
[22.]
M.C. Dalakas.
Sporadic inclusion body myositis—diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies.
Nat Clin Pract Neurol, 2 (2006), pp. 437-447
[23.]
P. Gerami, J.M. Schope, L. McDonald, H.W. Walling, R.D. Sontheimer.
A systematic review of adult-onset clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis siné myositis): a missing link within the spectrum of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. 597-613
[24.]
N. Boulman, G. Slobodin, M. Rozenbaum, I. Rosner.
Calcinosis in rheumatic diseases.
Semin Arthritis Rheum, 34 (2005), pp. 805-812
[25.]
R. Solans, J. Cortés, A. Selva, V. Garcia-Patos, F.J. Jimenez, C. Pascual, et al.
Panniculitis: a cutaneous manifestation of dermatomyositis.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 46 (2002), pp. S148-S150
[26.]
M. Hirakata, S. Nagai.
Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 12 (2000), pp. 501-508
[27.]
H. Takizawa, J. Shiga, Y. Moroi, S. Miyachi, M. Nishiwaki, T. Miyamoto.
Interstitial lung disease in dermatomyositis: clinicopathological study.
J Rheumatol, 14 (1987), pp. 102-107
[28.]
I. Marie, P.Y. Hatron, E. Hachulla, B. Wallaert, U. Michon-Pasturel, B. Devulder.
Pulmonary involvement in polymyositis and in dermatomyositis.
J Rheumatol, 25 (1998), pp. 1336-1343
[29.]
W.W. Douglas, H.D. Tazelaar, T.E. Hartman, R.P. Hartman, P.A. Decker, D.R. Schroeder, et al.
Polymyositis-dermatomyositis associated interstitial lung disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 164 (2001), pp. 1182-1185
[30.]
I. Marie, E. Hachulla, P. Cherin, S. Dominique, P.Y. Hatron, M.F. Hellot, et al.
Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
Arthritis Rheum, 47 (2002), pp. 614-622
[31.]
A. Schnabel, M. Reuter, J. Biederer, C. Richter, W.L. Gross.
Interstitial lung disease in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: clinical course and response to treatment.
Semin Arthritis Rheum, 32 (2003), pp. 273-284
[32.]
A.W. Friedman, I.N. Targoff, F.C. Arnett.
Interstitial lung disease with autoantibodies against aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in the absence of clinically apparent myositis.
Semin Arthritis Rheum, 26 (1996), pp. 459-467
[33.]
S. Lakhanpal, J.T. Lie, D.L. Conn, I.I.W.J. Martin.
Pulmonary disease in polymyositis/dermatomyositis: a clinicopathological analysis of 65 autopsy cases.
Ann Rheum Dis, 46 (1987), pp. 23-29
[34.]
H. Arakawa, H. Yamada, Y. Kurihara, Y. Nakajima, A. Takeda, Y. Fukushima, et al.
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia associated with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: serial high-resolution CT findings and functional correlation.
Chest, 123 (2003), pp. 1096-1103
[35.]
J.M. Grau, O. Miró, E. Pedrol, J. Casademont, F. Masanés, C. Herrero, et al.
Interstitial lung disease related to dermatomyositis. Comparative study with patients without lung involvement.
J Rheumatol, 23 (1996), pp. 1921-1926
[36.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, M. Labrador-Horrillo, X. Muñoz-Gall, X. Martínez-Gomez, J. Majó-Masferrer, R. Solans-Laque, et al.
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis- associated lung disease: analysis of a series of 81 patients.
Lupus, 14 (2005), pp. 534-542
[37.]
C. Korkmaz, R. Ozkan, M. Akay, T. Hakan.
Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema associated with dermatomyositis.
Rheumatology, 40 (2001), pp. 476-478
[38.]
Y. Yamanish, H. Maeda, F. Konishi, K. Hiyama, S. Yamana, S. Ishioka, et al.
Dermatomyositis associated with rapidly progressive fatal interstitial pneumonitis and pneumomediastinum.
Scand J Rheumatol, 28 (1999), pp. 58-61
[39.]
C.S. Lee, T.L. Chen, C.Y. Tzen, F.J. Lin, M.J. Peng, C.L. Wu, et al.
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy with diffuse alveolar damage.
Clin Rheumatol, 21 (2002), pp. 391-396
[40.]
S. Sato, M. Hirakata, M. Kuwana, A. Suwa, S. Inada, T. Mimori, et al.
Autoantibodies to a 140-kd polypeptide. CADM-140, in Japanese patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis.
Arthritis Rheum, 52 (2005), pp. 1571-1576
[41.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, L. Sanchez-Sitjes, X. Muñoz-Gall, T. Mijares-Boeckh-Behrens, R. Solans-Laque, J. Angel Bosch-Gil, et al.
Respiratory failure due to muscle weakness in inflammatory myopathies: maintenance therapy with home mechanical ventilation.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 39 (2000), pp. 914-916
[42.]
I.E. Lundberg.
The heart in dermatomyositis and polymyositis.
Rheumatology, 45 (2006), pp. iv18-iv21
[43.]
A.J. Taylor, D.C. Wortham, J.R. Burge, K.M. Rogan.
The heart in polymyositis: a prospective evaluation of 26 patients.
Clin Cardiol, 16 (1993), pp. 802-808
[44.]
K. Danko, A. Ponyi, T. Constantin, G. Borgulya, G. Szegedi.
Long-term survival of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies according to clinical features: a longitudinal study of 162 cases.
Medicine, 83 (2004), pp. 35-42
[45.]
Y. Allanore, O. Vignaux, L. Arnaud, X. Puéchal, S. Pavy, D. Duboc, et al.
Effects of corticosteroids and immunosuppressors on idiopathic inflammatory myopathy related myocarditis evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging.
Ann Rheum Dis, 65 (2006), pp. 249-252
[46.]
Y. Yazici, L.J. Kagen.
Cardiac involvement in myositis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 14 (2002), pp. 663-665
[47.]
L.A. Love, R.L. Leff, D.D. Frazer, I.N. Targoff, M. Dalakas, P.H. Plotz, et al.
A new approach to the classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: myositis-specific autoantibodies define useful homogeneous patient groups.
Medicine (Baltimore), 70 (1991), pp. 360-374
[48.]
J.N. Schullinger, J.C. Jacobs, W.E. Berdon.
Diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal perforations in childhood dermatomyositis with particular reference to perforations of the duodenum.
J Pediatr Surg, 20 (1985), pp. 521-524
[49.]
F. Joly, A. Amiot, B. Coffin, A. Lavergne-Slove, B. Messing, Y. Bouhnik.
Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction.
Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 30 (2006), pp. 975-985
[50.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, X. Martínez-Costa, R. Solans-Laque, M. Mauri, J.A. Capdevila, M. Vilardell-Tarrés.
Refractory adult dermatomyositis with pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis treated with infliximab.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 43 (2004), pp. 1196-1197
[51.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, F. Casellas, I. de Torres, E. Palou, J.M. Grau-Junyent, M. Vilardell-Tarrés.
Celiac disease and antibodies associated with celiac disease in patients with inflammatory myopathy.
Muscle Nerve, 35 (2007), pp. 49-54
[52.]
M. Hadjivassiliou, A.K. Chattopadhyay, R.A. Grünewald, J.A. Jarratt, R.H. Kandler, D.G. Rao, et al.
Myopathy associated with gluten sensitivity.
Muscle Nerve, 35 (2007), pp. 443-450
[53.]
L. Christopher-Stinea, P.H. Plotz.
Myositis: an update on pathogenesis.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 16 (2004), pp. 700-706
[54.]
G.J. Hengstman, W.J. Van Venrooij, J. Vencovsky, H.M. Moutsopoulos, B.G. van Engelen.
The relative prevalence of dermatomyositis and polymyositis in Europe exhibits a latitudinal gradient.
Ann Rheum Dis, 59 (2000), pp. 141-142
[55.]
S. Okada, E. Weatherhead, I.N. Targoff, R. Wesley, F.W. Miller, for the International Collaborative Study Group.
Global surface ultraviolet radiation intensity may modulate the clinical and immunologic expression of autoimmune diseases.
Arthritis Rheum, 48 (2003), pp. 2285-2293
[56.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, T.M. Boeckh-Behrens, E. Balada-Prades, R. Solans-Laque, M. Vilardell-Tarrés.
Fetal microchimerism and inflammatory myopathies.
Lancet, 357 (2001), pp. 887
[57.]
C.M. Artlett, R. Ramos, S.A. Jiminez, K. Patterson, F.W. Miller, L.G. Rider.
Chimeric cells of maternal origin in juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Childhood Myositis Heterogeneity Collaborative Group.
Lancet, 356 (2000), pp. 2155-2156
[58.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, J.M. Tura, J.M. Grau-Junyent, M. Labrador-Horrillo, R. Solans-Laque, M. Vilardell-Tarrés.
Silicone gel filled breast implants and dermatomyositis.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 22 (2004), pp. 376
[59.]
P. Caramaschi, D. Biasi, A. Volpe, A. Carletto, L.M. Bambara.
A new case of dermatomyositis following the rupture of a silicone gel breast implant.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 23 (2005), pp. 430-431
[60.]
D.A. Edelman, S. Grant, W.A. van Os.
Autoimmune disease following the use of silicone gel-filled breast implants: a review of the clinical literature.
Semin Arthritis Rheum, 24 (1994), pp. 183-189
[61.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, M. Labrador-Horrillo, R. Solans-Laque, C.P. Simeon-Aznar, X. Martínez-Gómez, M. Vilardell-Tarrés.
Myositis-specific and myositisassociated antibodies in a series of eighty-eight Mediterranean patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy.
Arthritis Rheum, 55 (2006), pp. 791-798
[62.]
G.J.D. Hengstman, R. Brouwer, W.T.M. Vree Egberts, H.P. Seelig, P.J. Jongen, W.J. van Venrooij, et al.
Clinical and serological characteristics of 125 Dutch myositis patients.
J Neurol, 249 (2002), pp. 69-75
[63.]
G.J. Hengstman, H.J. Ter Laak, W.T. Vree Egberts, I.E. Lundberg, H.M. Moutsopoulos, J. Vencovsky, et al.
Anti-signal recognition particle autoantibodies: marker of a necrotising myopathy.
Ann Rheum Dis, 65 (2006), pp. 1635-1638
[64.]
H. Gunawardena, L.R. Wedderburn, J. North, Z. Betteridge, J. Dunphy, H. Chinoy, et al.
Clinical associations of autoantibodies to a p155/140 kDa doublet protein in juvenile dermatomyositis.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 47 (2008), pp. 324-328
[65.]
G.J. Hengstman, H.J. Ter Laak, B.G. van Engelen, B.G. van Venrooij.
Anti-Jo-1 positive inclusion body myositis with a marked and sustained clinical improvement after oral prednisone.
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 70 (2001), pp. 706
[66.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, T. Mijares-Boeckh-Behrens, M. Labrador-Horrillos, R. Solans-Laque, J.M. Grau-Junyent, M. Vilardell-Tarres.
Anti-PM-Scl antibodies in a patient with inclusion body myositis.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 42 (2003), pp. 1016-1018
[67.]
R. Buchbinder, A. Forbes, S. Hall, X. Dennett, G. Giles.
Incidence of malignant disease in biopsy-proven inflammatory myopathy.
Ann Intern Med, 134 (2001), pp. 1087-1095
[68.]
C.L. Hill, Y. Zhang, B. Sigurgeirsson, E. Pukkala, L. Mellemkjaer, A. Airio, et al.
Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study.
Lancet, 357 (2001), pp. 96-100
[69.]
B. Sigurgeirsson, B. Lindelöf, O. Edhag, E. Allander.
Risk of cancer in patients with dermatomyositis or polymyositis: a population-based study.
N Engl J Med, 326 (1992), pp. 363-367
[70.]
S.E. Whitmore, N.B. Rosenshein, T.T. Provost.
Ovarian cancer in patients with dermatomyositis.
Medicine (Baltimore), 73 (1994), pp. 153-160
[71.]
Z. Amoura, P. Duhaut, L.T. Huong du, B. Wechsler, N. Costedoat-Chalumeau, C. Francès, et al.
Tumor antigen markers for the detection of solid cancers in inflammatory myopathies.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 14 (2005), pp. 1279-1282
[72.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, T. Mijares-Boeckh-Behrens, R. Solans-Laqué, M. Labrador-Horrillo, E. Romero-Merino, J.M. Sopena-Sisquella, et al.
The neural network as a predictor of cancer in patients with inflammatory myopathies.
Arthritis Rheum, 46 (2002), pp. 2547-2548
[73.]
S.M. Levine.
Cancer and myositis: new insights into an old association.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 18 (2006), pp. 620-624
[74.]
L. Casciola-Rosen, K. Nagaraju, P. Plotz, K. Wang, S. Levine, E. Gabrielson, et al.
Enhanced autoantigen expression in regenerating muscle cells in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy.
J Exp Med, 201 (2005), pp. 591-601
[75.]
T. Okada, S. Noji, Y. Goto, T. Iwata, T. Fujita, T. Okada, et al.
Immune responses to DNA mismatch repair enzymes hMSH2 and hPMS1 in patients with pancreatic cancer, dermatomyositis and polymyositis.
Int J Cancer, 116 (2005), pp. 925-933
[76.]
K. Kaji, M. Fujimoto, M. Hasegawa, M. Kondo, Y. Saito, K. Komura, et al.
Identification of a novel autoantibody reactive with 155 and 140 kDa nuclear proteins in patients with dermatomyositis: an association with malignancy.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 46 (2007), pp. 25-28
[77.]
I.N. Targoff, G. Mamyrova, E.P. Trieu, O. Perurena, B. Koneru, T.P. O’Hanlon, et al.
A novel autoantibody to a 155-kd protein is associated with dermatomyositis.
Arthritis Rheum, 54 (2006), pp. 3682-3689
[78.]
H. Chinoy, N. Fertig, C.V. Oddis, W.E. Ollier, R.G. Cooper.
The diagnostic utility of myositis autoantibody testing for predicting the risk of cancerassociated myositis.
Ann Rheum Dis, 66 (2007), pp. 1345-1349
[79.]
E.H. Choy, J.E. Hoogendijk, B. Lecky, J.B. Winer.
Immunosuppressant and immunomodulatory treatment for dermatomyositis and polymyositis.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2005), pp. CD003643
[80.]
G.F. Wiesinger, M. Quittan, M. Aringer, A. Seeber, B. Volc-Platzer, J. Smolen, et al.
Improvement of physical fitness and muscle strength in polymyositis/dermatomyositis patients by a training programme.
Br J Rheumatol, 37 (1998), pp. 196-200
[81.]
T.W. Bunch, J.W. Worthington, J.J. Combs, D.M. Ilstrup, A.G. Engel.
Azathioprine with prednisone for polymyositis. A controlled, clinical trial.
Ann Intern Med, 92 (1980), pp. 365-369
[82.]
L. Villalba, J.E. Hicks, E.M. Adams, J.B. Sherman, M.F. Gourley, R.L. Leff, et al.
Treatment of refractory myositis: a randomized crossover study of two new cytotoxic regimens.
Arthritis Rheum, 41 (1998), pp. 392-399
[83.]
J. Vencovsky, K. Jarosová, S. Machácek, J. Stud?nková, J. Kafková, J. BartÛnková, et al.
Cyclosporine A versus methotrexate in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
Scand J Rheumatol, 29 (2000), pp. 95-102
[84.]
J.M. Grau, C. Herrero, J. Casademont, J. Fernández-Solà, A. Urbano-Márquez.
Cyclosporine A as first choice for dermatomyositis.
J Rheumatol, 21 (1994), pp. 381-382
[85.]
C.V. Oddis, F.C. Sciurba, K.A. Elmagd, T.E. Starzi.
Tacrolimus in refractory polymyositis with interstitial lung disease.
Lancet, 353 (1999), pp. 1762-1763
[86.]
A. Schnabel, M. Reuter, W.L. Gross.
Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in the treatment of interstitial lung disease due to collagen vascular disease.
Arthritis Rheum, 41 (1998), pp. 1215-1220
[87.]
V. Chaudhry, D.R. Cornblath, J.W. Griffin, R. O’Brien, D.B. Drachman.
Mycophenolate mofetil: a safe and promising immunosuppressant in neuromuscular diseases.
Neurology, 56 (2001), pp. 94-96
[88.]
P. Cherin, S. Herson, B. Wechsler, J.C. Piette, O. Bletry, A. Coutellier, et al.
Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in chronic refractory polymyositis and dermatomyositis: an open study with 20 adult patients.
Am J Med, 91 (1991), pp. 162-168
[89.]
M.C. Dalakas, I. Illa, J.M. Dambrosia, S.A. Soueidan, D.P. Stein, C. Otero, et al.
A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis.
N Engl J Med, 329 (1993), pp. 1993-2000
[90.]
F.W. Miller, S.F. Leitman, M.E. Cronin, J.E. Hicks, R.L. Leff, R. Wesley, et al.
A randomized doubleblind controlled trial of plasma exchange and leukapheresis in patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis.
N Engl J Med, 326 (1992), pp. 1380-1384
[91.]
M.E. Cronin, F.W. Miller, J.E. Hicks, M. Dalakas, P.H. Plotz.
The failure of intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy in refractory idiopathic inflammatory myopathy.
J Rheumatol, 16 (1989), pp. 1225-1228
[92.]
Y.L. Chung, H. Alexanderson, N. Pipitone, C. Morrison, M. Dastmalchi, C. Ståhl-Hallengren, et al.
Creatine supplements in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies who are clinically weak after conventional pharmacologic treatment: Six-month, double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled trial.
Arthritis Rheum, 57 (2007), pp. 694-702
[93.]
Muscle Study Group.
Randomized pilot trial of high-dose betaINF-1a in patients with inclusion body myositis.
Neurology, 63 (2004), pp. 718-720
[94.]
C. Lindberg, E. Trysberg, A. Tarkowski, A. Oldfors.
Anti-T-lymphocyte globulin treatment in inclusion body myositis: a randomized pilot study.
Neurology, 61 (2003), pp. 260-262
[95.]
U.A. Badrising, M.L. Maat-Schieman, M.D. Ferrari, A.H. Zwinderman, J.A. Wessels, F.C. Breedveld, et al.
Comparison of weakness progression in inclusion body myositis during treatment with methotrexate or placebo.
Ann Neurol, 51 (2002), pp. 369-372
[96.]
M.C. Dalakas, B. Koffman, M. Fujii, S. Spector, K. Sivakumar, E. Cupler, et al.
A controlled study of intravenous immunoglobulin combined with prednisone in the treatment of IBM.
Neurology, 56 (2001), pp. 323-327
[97.]
M.C. Dalakas, B. Sonies, J. Dambrosia, E. Sekul, E. Cupler, K. Sivakumar.
Treatment of inclusion-body myositis with IVIg: a double-blind, placebocontrolled study.
Neurology, 48 (1997), pp. 712-716
[98.]
M. Dastmalchi, C. Grundtman, H. Alexanderson, C.P. Mavragani, H. Einarsdottir, S. Barbasso Helmers, et al.
A high incidence of disease flares in an open pilot study of infliximab in patients with refractory inflammatory myopathies.
Ann Rheum Dis, (2008),
[99.]
A. Selva-O’Callaghan, M. Labrador-Horrillo, M. Vilardell-Tarres.
Specific biologic therapy with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in patients with inflammatory myopathy.
Curr Rheumatol Rev, 1 (2005), pp. 157-165
Copyright © 2008. Sociedad Española de Reumatología and Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología
