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con una prevalencia muy variable seg&#250;n las poblaciones estudiadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; pero aproximadamente un 20&#37; de la poblaci&#243;n general la sufre en alg&#250;n momento de su vida&#46; Existe una agregaci&#243;n familiar y es m&#225;s frecuente en mujeres&#46; Se suele iniciar en la infancia&#44; adolescencia o en adultos j&#243;venes menores de 30 a&#241;os&#44; con tendencia a disminuir con el paso del tiempo&#44; tanto en la gravedad como en la frecuencia de los brotes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Etiopatogenia</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La etiolog&#237;a y la patogenia de la AOR son hasta el momento desconocidas&#46; Es probable&#44; que en individuos gen&#233;ticamente predispuestos&#44; una disfunci&#243;n inmunol&#243;gica unida a diversos factores desencadenantes facilite la aparici&#243;n de las aftas&#46; Esta disfunci&#243;n inmunol&#243;gica local estar&#237;a relacionada con un aumento de las subpoblaciones de los linfocitos T &#40;CD4 y CD8&#41;&#44; y jugar&#237;a un papel importante en una respuesta inmune alterada en la que no se conocer&#237;a el est&#237;mulo inicial&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se describen alteraciones en los valores s&#233;ricos de las inmunoglobulinas que podr&#237;an desempe&#241;ar alg&#250;n papel en la patogenia de las aftas y tambi&#233;n se han comunicado alteraciones en las mol&#233;culas de adhesi&#243;n celular que son esenciales para mantener estable la estructura del epitelio oral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se han implicado unos posibles factores locales y generales que pueden favorecer la aparici&#243;n de las aftas o bien agravarlas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gen&#233;ticos&#46; Existe una agregaci&#243;n familiar y&#44; en algunos estudios se ha correlacionado la AOR con ant&#237;genos HLA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a>&#46; La probabilidad de padecer lesiones aftosas es del 90&#37; en personas con padre y madre que las padecen&#44; y se reduce al 20&#37; en aquellos en los que sus padres nunca las han padecido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inmunol&#243;gicos en relaci&#243;n a un desequilibrio inmunitario seguramente desencadenado por episodios de inmunodeficiencia transitoria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infecciosos que probablemente tienen poca importancia&#46; Se ha sugerido una posible reacci&#243;n cruzada entre los ant&#237;genos bacterianos y los de la mucosa oral&#46; Tambi&#233;n se ha mencionado una potencial asociaci&#243;n con una infecci&#243;n por el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como con el virus humano Herpes-6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Traumas mec&#225;nicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> &#40;mordeduras&#44; pr&#243;tesis dentales&#44; cepillado dental&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; t&#233;rmicos o qu&#237;micos&#46; Se ha comunicado una acci&#243;n irritante local del lauril sulfato s&#243;dico&#44; que es un tensoactivo utilizado en muchas pastas dent&#237;fricas&#44; que puede influir en las personas que padecen una AOR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspensi&#243;n del tabaco&#46; En los no fumadores hay una disminuci&#243;n de la queratinizaci&#243;n de la mucosa que la hace m&#225;s sensible&#44; si bien&#44; cuando las lesiones est&#225;n presentes el hecho de fumar no tiene efecto sobre la gravedad de las mismas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6&#46;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">D&#233;ficit de minerales y vitaminas como el hierro&#44; &#225;cido f&#243;lico y vitamina B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span> m&#225;s frecuente en pacientes con AOR&#44; pero sin diferencias significativas cuando se estudia cada elemento por separado<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46; En otros estudios s&#237; que se sugiere una relaci&#243;n significativa con el d&#233;ficit de vitamina B12<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> y tambi&#233;n con la vitamina B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7&#46;</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hipersensibilidad a los alimentos &#40;chocolate&#44; queso&#44; c&#237;tricos&#44; tomates&#44; marisco&#44; etc&#46;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26&#44;27</span></a>&#46; Frecuentemente la alergia o la intolerancia alimenticia est&#225; asociada con la atopia&#44; y en los pacientes con AOR se hallan antecedentes familiares estad&#237;sticamente significativos de atopia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8&#46;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cambios hormonales&#46; Con frecuencia se ha relacionado la AOR con el ciclo menstrual&#44; pero esta relaci&#243;n no se ha podido establecer claramente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9&#46;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estr&#233;s&#46; Puede jugar un papel como desencadenante o como factor modificador m&#225;s que como causante de la aftosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las lesiones se inician mediante un foco inflamatorio en forma de m&#225;culas eritematosas dolorosas&#46; En pocas horas&#44; la querat&#243;lisis mediada por citocinas&#44; se manifiesta con una &#250;lcera poco profunda&#44; redondeada u ovalada&#44; bien delimitada&#44; con un halo inflamatorio sobreelevado en el que microsc&#243;picamente se observan gran cantidad de neutr&#243;filos&#44; linfocitos y monocitos&#46; El centro es necr&#243;tico y est&#225; cubierto por una pseudomembrana de color gris amarillento &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Tienen un crecimiento centr&#237;fugo y la curaci&#243;n se obtiene por la reepitelizaci&#243;n desde los bordes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Su presencia puede dificultar el habla&#44; el comer y la degluci&#243;n&#46; El dolor suele ser parecido al que producir&#237;a una quemadura&#44; y aumenta en contacto con los alimentos calientes y con especias&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se diferencian tres formas en la presentaci&#243;n de las aftas en la AOR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> y herpetiforme<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La aftosis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span> es la m&#225;s frecuente&#46; Suele afectar a la mucosa no queratinizada&#44; especialmente a los labios&#44; mejillas y bordes de la lengua&#46; Se caracteriza por &#250;lceras &#250;nicas o poco numerosas &#40;menos de 5&#41; con un tama&#241;o inferior a 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; Habitualmente est&#225;n concentradas en la parte anterior de la boca&#44; y suelen recurrir de 2 a 4 veces al a&#241;o&#46; Tienen una curaci&#243;n espont&#225;nea sin dejar cicatriz en 1-2 semanas&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La aftosis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> es menos frecuente&#46; Suele afectar a la mucosa queratinizada y no queratinizada&#44; especialmente al paladar blando&#46; Se presenta en forma de &#250;lceras &#250;nicas o poco numerosas &#40;menos de 5&#41; de un tama&#241;o igual o superior a 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; Habitualmente tienen predilecci&#243;n por la parte posterior de la boca&#46; Son m&#225;s profundas y dolorosas que las aftas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span>&#46; Tardan de 2 a 12 semanas en curar y dejan una cicatriz&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La aftosis herpetiforme es la menos frecuente&#46; Suele afectar a la mucosa no queratinizada&#44; especialmente el suelo de la boca y la superficie ventral de la lengua&#46; Acostumbra a tener un inicio m&#225;s tard&#237;o que las dos formas anteriores&#44; haci&#233;ndolo hac&#237;a la segunda o tercera d&#233;cada de la vida&#46; Se manifiesta con un n&#250;mero variable de &#250;lceras &#40;10-100&#41; de un tama&#241;o de 1 a 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm que aparecen simult&#225;neamente y pueden confluir&#46; Tardan de 1 a 4 semanas en curar y pueden dejar cicatriz especialmente en las &#250;lceras coalescentes&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Diagn&#243;stico diferencial</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La forma de presentaci&#243;n de las aftas orales ayuda a realizar el diagn&#243;stico diferencial&#46; Seg&#250;n &#233;sta&#44; se puede orientar el diagn&#243;stico en dependencia de que se trate de una &#250;lcera solitaria&#44; episodios recurrentes de una o m&#225;s &#250;lceras que curan espont&#225;neamente&#44; episodio &#250;nico de aftas precedidas por ves&#237;culas y que afecta a m&#250;ltiples localizaciones orales&#44; o bien aftosis oral persistente que afecta a diferentes localizaciones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Ante la aparici&#243;n de episodios recurrentes de una o m&#225;s &#250;lceras que curan espont&#225;neamente&#44; el diagn&#243;stico diferencial debe hacerse entre la estomatitis aftosa recurrente o AOR&#44; la enfermedad de Beh&#231;et&#44; la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">aphthous-like-ulcers</span> por enfermedades sist&#233;micas o por f&#225;rmacos y el eritema multiforme recurrente&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s de la forma de presentaci&#243;n de las aftas orales&#44; la gravedad de las manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas de la aftosis oral tambi&#233;n ayuda a efectuar el diagn&#243;stico diferencial&#46; Con este criterio&#44; se clasifican en&#58; aftosis simple y aftosis compleja &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#8211;36</span></a>&#46; La aftosis simple es la forma de presentaci&#243;n m&#225;s frecuente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Cursa con aftas orales recurrentes en cualquiera de su tres formas posibles &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> o herpetiforme&#41;&#44; en general con 3-6 episodios anuales que son de corta duraci&#243;n y que curan espont&#225;neamente&#44; lo que permite establecer el diagn&#243;stico de AOR&#46; La aftosis compleja se manifiesta con brotes m&#225;s prolongados que a veces son continuos&#44; con tres o m&#225;s aftas orales y puede acompa&#241;arse de &#250;lceras genitales o perianales&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ante una aftosis oral compleja&#44; el primer paso debe ser el de descartar una enfermedad de Beh&#231;et&#46; Una vez se ha excluido este diagn&#243;stico&#44; la aftosis oral compleja puede ser catalogada como primaria o bien como secundaria&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para establecer el diagn&#243;stico de aftosis compleja primaria&#44; se deben descartar todos los procesos que la pueden producir y que permitir&#237;a clasificarla como secundaria &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#44; pero incluso as&#237;&#44; se debe tener en cuenta que el diagn&#243;stico de una enfermedad de Beh&#231;et puede ser dif&#237;cil en las fases iniciales y se puede retrasar incluso varios a&#241;os&#44; lo que justifica un cuidadoso seguimiento a todo paciente diagnosticado de aftosis compleja primaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las aftosis orales complejas secundarias pueden ser un signo de diversos procesos sist&#233;micos que pueden cursar con episodios similares a una aftosis oral recurrente&#46; La causa m&#225;s frecuente es la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal&#44; de la que puede ser su primera manifestaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la pr&#225;ctica reumatol&#243;gica no es infrecuente hallar aftas orales secundarias a determinados f&#225;rmacos y a algunas enfermedades con manifestaciones articulares&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a los f&#225;rmacos&#44; se han comunicado m&#250;ltiples casos de ulceraci&#243;n oral en relaci&#243;n a los mismos y&#44; entre ellos&#44; varios son utilizados com&#250;nmente en reumatolog&#237;a&#44; incluso para tratar enfermedades sist&#233;micas que a su vez puede ser causantes de la aftosis oral &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#8211;42</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En lo que se refiere a las enfermedades sist&#233;micas que pueden tener afectaci&#243;n articular &#40;artritis o artralgias&#41;&#44; las hay que incluyen la presencia de las aftas entre sus criterios diagn&#243;sticos&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lupus eritematoso&#58; ulceraci&#243;n oral o nasofar&#237;ngea&#44; habitualmente indolora&#44; observada por un m&#233;dico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enfermedad de Beh&#231;et&#58; &#250;lceras orales recurrentes &#40;aftosis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span> o herpetiforme&#41; observadas por un m&#233;dico o el paciente y haber recurrido al menos tres veces en un per&#237;odo de 12 meses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Granulomatosis de Wegener&#58; inflamaci&#243;n oral o nasal con el desarrollo de &#250;lceras orales dolorosas o indoloras o secreci&#243;n nasal purulenta o sanguinolenta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enfermedad de Crohn&#58; ulceraciones aftosas m&#250;ltiples y peque&#241;as en el tracto digestivo superior e inferior&#44; no necesariamente con organizaci&#243;n longitudinal&#44; por al menos tres meses&#44; m&#225;s granulomas no caseosos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S&#237;ndrome de PFAPA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;&#171;Periodic Fever&#44; Aphthous stomatitis&#44; Pharyngitis&#44; cervical Adenitis&#187;&#41;</span>&#58; aftas orales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen otras enfermedades sist&#233;micas que tienen o pueden tener afectaci&#243;n articular y que a veces cursan con aftas orales&#44; pero su presencia no est&#225; incluida entre sus criterios diagn&#243;sticos&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S&#237;ndrome de Reiter&#58; pueden estar presentes y&#44; caracter&#237;sticamente no son dolorosas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S&#237;ndrome de Sj&#246;gren&#58; en una mucosa oral seca frecuentemente se presentan ulceraciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S&#237;ndrome de Sweet o dermatosis neutrof&#237;lica aguda febril<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;51</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Colitis ulcerosa&#58; las aftas orales no son m&#225;s prevalentes que las halladas en un grupo control formado por pacientes con trastornos funcionales de la motilidad intestinal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&#44; pero son m&#225;s persistentes y acostumbran a ser de mayor tama&#241;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otro s&#237;ndrome que considerar en el diagn&#243;stico diferencial de las enfermedades reum&#225;ticas capaces de producir una aftosis oral compleja&#44; es el de MAGIC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;</span>&#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mouth And Genital ulcers with Inflamed Cartilages&#187;&#41;</span>&#44; que carece de unos criterios diagn&#243;sticos establecidos&#44; pero se manifiesta mediante un cuadro de solapamiento entre el s&#237;ndrome de Beh&#231;et en el que las aftas recurrentes son un criterio diagn&#243;stico y una policondritis recidivante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Tratamiento</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El desconocimiento de la causa de la AOR no permite un tratamiento etiol&#243;gico&#46; Los existentes son tratamientos sintom&#225;ticos que intentan disminuir el dolor&#44; acortar el plazo de curaci&#243;n de las aftas&#44; y aumentar los per&#237;odos asintom&#225;ticos que median entre las crisis&#46; Cuando las &#250;lceras son de peque&#241;o tama&#241;o&#44; poco sintom&#225;ticas e infrecuentes&#44; es posible que ni llegue a ser necesario el aplicar un tratamiento t&#243;pico&#44; y que sea suficiente con medidas diet&#233;ticas&#44; evitando los alimentos que pueden favorecer la aparici&#243;n de las aftas o que las pueden empeorar&#44; incluidos aquellos que por su textura dura podr&#237;an erosionar la mucosa oral&#46; Si se identifican factores precipitantes que se pueden corregir&#44; se actuar&#225; sobre ellos&#46; En el caso que exista un proceso de base que explique la aparici&#243;n de la aftosis&#44; el tratamiento del mismo la puede mejorar&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica sobre el resultado de los distintos tratamientos t&#243;picos utilizados en la AOR&#44; se lleg&#243; a las siguientes conclusiones en cuanto a su capacidad para disminuir la incidencia de las &#250;lceras y a su poder analg&#233;sico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clorhexidina</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidencia de la &#250;lcera&#46; Comparada con placebo en colutorio puede ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir la gravedad&#44; incidencia y duraci&#243;n de la &#250;lcera &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#46;</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparada con placebo en gel puede ser m&#225;s efectiva en disminuir el dolor &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hexetedina</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidencia de la &#250;lcera&#46; Comparada con placebo puede no ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir la gravedad&#44; incidencia y duraci&#243;n de la &#250;lcera &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#46;</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparada con placebo puede no ser m&#225;s efectiva en disminuir el dolor &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carbenoxolona gel o colutorios</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidencia de la &#250;lcera&#46; Comparada con placebo en colutorio puede ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir el n&#250;mero de &#250;lceras &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#46;</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparada con placebo en colutorio puede ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir el dolor &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroides t&#243;picos</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidencia de la &#250;lcera&#46; Comparados con placebo pueden ser m&#225;s efectivos en reducir la incidencia de nuevas &#250;lceras y su duraci&#243;n &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#46;</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparados con placebo pueden ser m&#225;s r&#225;pidos en disminuir la cantidad y duraci&#243;n del dolor&#44; sin causar efectos adversos locales o sist&#233;micos valorables &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analg&#233;sicos locales&#58; bencidamida colutorio</p><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0050"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidencia de la &#250;lcera&#46; Comparada con placebo puede no ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir la incidencia de nuevas &#250;lceras &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#46;</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparada con placebo puede no ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir el dolor&#44; pero puede ser preferida por su efecto analg&#233;sico t&#243;pico transitorio &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6&#46;</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tetraciclina colutorio</p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparada con placebo puede ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir el dolor &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tambi&#233;n se han propuesto otros tratamientos t&#243;picos como el sucralfato<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&#44; que al formar una pel&#237;cula protectora sobre el fondo de la &#250;lcera oral&#44; disminuye el dolor y acorta el tiempo de curaci&#243;n&#46; As&#237; mismo&#44; se ha descrito una mayor rapidez en la curaci&#243;n de las &#250;lceras con amlexanox al 5&#37;&#44; que es una pomada mocoadhesiva de aplicaci&#243;n oral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se puede recurrir a la cauterizaci&#243;n local por medio de soluciones c&#225;usticas como el nitrato de plata<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&#46; Se ha utilizado la crioterapia con nitr&#243;geno l&#237;quido&#44; pero no se ha demostrado un mayor efecto analg&#233;sico respecto el placebo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se ha utilizado el tratamiento mediante l&#225;ser<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&#44; y con ultrasonidos de baja intensidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Si la AOR cursa con episodios recurrentes recalcitrantes&#44; se han recomendado varios tratamientos sist&#233;micos con &#233;xito diverso&#44; tales como&#58; corticoides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a>&#44; pentoxifilina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a>&#44; levamisol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a>&#44; colquicina y dapsona<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a>&#44; talidomida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66&#44;67</span></a>&#44; tratamiento biol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68&#44;69</span></a>&#44; clofazimina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a>&#44; y otros &#40;metotrexato&#44; azatioprina&#44; ciclosporina&#44; ciclofosfamida&#44; etc&#46;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71&#44;72</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recurrent aphthous stomatitis consists on recurring oral ulcers of unknown etiology&#46; Oral ulcers may be different in number and size depending on the clinical presentation&#44; which also determines the time needed for healing&#46; Moreover&#44; there are factors associated to outbreaks but not implicated in its etiopathogenesis&#46; When&#160;oral aphthosis has a known etiology&#44; it is&#160;not considered as recurrent aphthous stomatitis&#46; The severity and the clinical presentation helps in the differential diagnosis&#46; Treatment is symptomatic in recurrent aphthous stomatitis while&#44; if there is an underlying systemic disease&#44; the treatment of such disease is need in addition to topical treatment&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; modificada de Field et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#218;lcera solitaria</span>TraumaCarcinoma escamosoInfecciones &#40;s&#237;filis&#44; tuberculosis&#41;</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Episodios recurrentes de una o m&#225;s &#250;lceras que curan espont&#225;neamente</span>Estomatitis aftosa recurrenteEnfermedad de Beh&#231;et&#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">aphthous-like-ulcers</span>&#187; por enfermedades sist&#233;micas o por f&#225;rmacosEritema multiforme recurrente</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Episodio &#250;nico de aftas precedidas por ves&#237;culas y que afecta a m&#250;ltiples localizaciones orales</span>Infecciones v&#237;ricas &#40;herpangina&#44; estomatitis herp&#233;tica primaria&#41;Eritema multiforme</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aftosis oral persistente que afecta a diferentes localizaciones</span>Mucocut&#225;neas &#40;liquen plano oral&#41;Ampollosas autoinmunes &#40;p&#233;nfigo oral&#41;Gastrointestinales &#40;enfermedad de Crohn&#41;Hematol&#243;gicas &#40;leucemia&#41;F&#225;rmacos</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab213010.png"
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Principales causas de aftas orales seg&#250;n su forma de presentaci&#243;n</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; modificada de Letsinger et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aftosis simple&#58;</span> ataques recurrentes de aftas menores&#44; mayores o herpetiformes&#44; con distintos per&#237;odos libres de enfermedad&#44; la mayor&#237;a de las veces en personas j&#243;venes &#40;AOR&#41;&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aftosis compleja&#58;</span> presencia casi constante de &#8805; 3 aftas orales o bien de aftas recurrentes orales y genitales&#46; Excluida la enfermedad de Beh&#231;et&#44; puede ser&#58;Aftosis compleja primaria o idiop&#225;ticaAftosis compleja secundaria&#58;Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinalInfecci&#243;n por VIH &#40;virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana&#41;Neutropenia c&#237;clicaS&#237;ndrome PFAPA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;&#171;Periodic Fever&#44; Aphthous stomatitis&#44; Pharyngitis&#44; cervical Adenitis&#187;&#41;</span>D&#233;ficit de hierro&#44; cinc&#44; folato&#44; vitaminas B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&#44; B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span>Enteropat&#237;a por gluten&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad de Beh&#231;et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;ndrome de MAGIC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;</span>&#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mouth And Genital ulcers with Inflamed Cartilages</span>&#187;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab213011.png"
              ]
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clasificaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica de la aftosis</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alendronato&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diclofenaco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Indometacina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pancreatina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alprazolam&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dideoxicitidina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Interferon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Penicilamina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alopurinol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diltiazem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Interleukina-2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Penicilina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aspirina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disopiramida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Imipramina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Potasio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cloruro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Atorvastatina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Docetaxel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Isoprenalina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proguanilo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aurotiomalato&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Doxorubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Keterolaco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prometazina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Azatioprina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Emepronio-Bromuro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lamotrigina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Propanolol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aztreonam&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enalapril&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Leflunomida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Propiltiouracilo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Barbit&#250;ricos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eritromicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Levamisol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Quinidina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bleomicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estreptomicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Litio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ritonavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Captopril&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Everolimus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Losart&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Saquinavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Carbamazepina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fenilbutazona&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Melfan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sertralina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ciclosporina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fenindiona&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Metamizol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sulfonamidas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cisplatino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fenito&#237;na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Metotrexato&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sulindaco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Citarabina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fluconazol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Metronizadol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Terbutalina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Claritromicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Flunisolida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mitomicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tetraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Clonazepam&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fluoxetina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Molgramostim&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vancomicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cloranfenicol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ganciclovir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Naproxeno&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vincristina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cloroquina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hidralazina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nicorandil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Venlafaxina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Clorpromacina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hidroxiurea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nifedipino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Warfarina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Code&#237;na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ibuprofeno&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Olanzapina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zidovudina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab213008.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">F&#225;rmacos que pueden producir &#250;lceras orales</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:72 [
            0 => array:3 [
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La aftosis oral recurrente en Reumatología
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis in Rheumatology
Gabriel Riera Matutea,
Autor para correspondencia
grieramatute.girona.ics@gencat.cat

Autor para correspondencia.
, Elena Riera Alonsob
a Servei de Reumatologia, Centre d’Especialitats Güell, Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, España
b Servei de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa, Barcelona, España
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con una prevalencia muy variable seg&#250;n las poblaciones estudiadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#44; pero aproximadamente un 20&#37; de la poblaci&#243;n general la sufre en alg&#250;n momento de su vida&#46; Existe una agregaci&#243;n familiar y es m&#225;s frecuente en mujeres&#46; Se suele iniciar en la infancia&#44; adolescencia o en adultos j&#243;venes menores de 30 a&#241;os&#44; con tendencia a disminuir con el paso del tiempo&#44; tanto en la gravedad como en la frecuencia de los brotes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Etiopatogenia</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La etiolog&#237;a y la patogenia de la AOR son hasta el momento desconocidas&#46; Es probable&#44; que en individuos gen&#233;ticamente predispuestos&#44; una disfunci&#243;n inmunol&#243;gica unida a diversos factores desencadenantes facilite la aparici&#243;n de las aftas&#46; Esta disfunci&#243;n inmunol&#243;gica local estar&#237;a relacionada con un aumento de las subpoblaciones de los linfocitos T &#40;CD4 y CD8&#41;&#44; y jugar&#237;a un papel importante en una respuesta inmune alterada en la que no se conocer&#237;a el est&#237;mulo inicial&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; se describen alteraciones en los valores s&#233;ricos de las inmunoglobulinas que podr&#237;an desempe&#241;ar alg&#250;n papel en la patogenia de las aftas y tambi&#233;n se han comunicado alteraciones en las mol&#233;culas de adhesi&#243;n celular que son esenciales para mantener estable la estructura del epitelio oral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se han implicado unos posibles factores locales y generales que pueden favorecer la aparici&#243;n de las aftas o bien agravarlas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gen&#233;ticos&#46; Existe una agregaci&#243;n familiar y&#44; en algunos estudios se ha correlacionado la AOR con ant&#237;genos HLA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#8211;15</span></a>&#46; La probabilidad de padecer lesiones aftosas es del 90&#37; en personas con padre y madre que las padecen&#44; y se reduce al 20&#37; en aquellos en los que sus padres nunca las han padecido<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inmunol&#243;gicos en relaci&#243;n a un desequilibrio inmunitario seguramente desencadenado por episodios de inmunodeficiencia transitoria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infecciosos que probablemente tienen poca importancia&#46; Se ha sugerido una posible reacci&#243;n cruzada entre los ant&#237;genos bacterianos y los de la mucosa oral&#46; Tambi&#233;n se ha mencionado una potencial asociaci&#243;n con una infecci&#243;n por el <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#44; as&#237; como con el virus humano Herpes-6<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Traumas mec&#225;nicos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> &#40;mordeduras&#44; pr&#243;tesis dentales&#44; cepillado dental&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#44; t&#233;rmicos o qu&#237;micos&#46; Se ha comunicado una acci&#243;n irritante local del lauril sulfato s&#243;dico&#44; que es un tensoactivo utilizado en muchas pastas dent&#237;fricas&#44; que puede influir en las personas que padecen una AOR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspensi&#243;n del tabaco&#46; En los no fumadores hay una disminuci&#243;n de la queratinizaci&#243;n de la mucosa que la hace m&#225;s sensible&#44; si bien&#44; cuando las lesiones est&#225;n presentes el hecho de fumar no tiene efecto sobre la gravedad de las mismas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6&#46;</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">D&#233;ficit de minerales y vitaminas como el hierro&#44; &#225;cido f&#243;lico y vitamina B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span> m&#225;s frecuente en pacientes con AOR&#44; 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asociada con la atopia&#44; y en los pacientes con AOR se hallan antecedentes familiares estad&#237;sticamente significativos de atopia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8&#46;</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cambios hormonales&#46; Con frecuencia se ha relacionado la AOR con el ciclo menstrual&#44; pero esta relaci&#243;n no se ha podido establecer claramente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9&#46;</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Estr&#233;s&#46; Puede jugar un papel como desencadenante o como factor modificador m&#225;s que como causante de la aftosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30&#44;31</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las lesiones se inician mediante un foco inflamatorio en forma de m&#225;culas eritematosas dolorosas&#46; En pocas horas&#44; la querat&#243;lisis mediada por citocinas&#44; se manifiesta con una &#250;lcera poco profunda&#44; redondeada u ovalada&#44; bien delimitada&#44; con un halo inflamatorio sobreelevado en el que microsc&#243;picamente se observan gran cantidad de neutr&#243;filos&#44; linfocitos y monocitos&#46; El centro es necr&#243;tico y est&#225; cubierto por una pseudomembrana de color gris amarillento &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Tienen un crecimiento centr&#237;fugo y la curaci&#243;n se obtiene por la reepitelizaci&#243;n desde los bordes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Su presencia puede dificultar el habla&#44; el comer y la degluci&#243;n&#46; El dolor suele ser parecido al que producir&#237;a una quemadura&#44; y aumenta en contacto con los alimentos calientes y con especias&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se diferencian tres formas en la presentaci&#243;n de las aftas en la AOR&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> y herpetiforme<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La aftosis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span> es la m&#225;s frecuente&#46; Suele afectar a la mucosa no queratinizada&#44; especialmente a los labios&#44; mejillas y bordes de la lengua&#46; Se caracteriza por &#250;lceras &#250;nicas o poco numerosas &#40;menos de 5&#41; con un tama&#241;o inferior a 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; Habitualmente est&#225;n concentradas en la parte anterior de la boca&#44; y suelen recurrir de 2 a 4 veces al a&#241;o&#46; Tienen una curaci&#243;n espont&#225;nea sin dejar cicatriz en 1-2 semanas&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La aftosis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> es menos frecuente&#46; Suele afectar a la mucosa queratinizada y no queratinizada&#44; especialmente al paladar blando&#46; Se presenta en forma de &#250;lceras &#250;nicas o poco numerosas &#40;menos de 5&#41; de un tama&#241;o igual o superior a 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46; Habitualmente tienen predilecci&#243;n por la parte posterior de la boca&#46; Son m&#225;s profundas y dolorosas que las aftas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span>&#46; Tardan de 2 a 12 semanas en curar y dejan una cicatriz&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La aftosis herpetiforme es la menos frecuente&#46; Suele afectar a la mucosa no queratinizada&#44; especialmente el suelo de la boca y la superficie ventral de la lengua&#46; Acostumbra a tener un inicio m&#225;s tard&#237;o que las dos formas anteriores&#44; haci&#233;ndolo hac&#237;a la segunda o tercera d&#233;cada de la vida&#46; Se manifiesta con un n&#250;mero variable de &#250;lceras &#40;10-100&#41; de un tama&#241;o de 1 a 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm que aparecen simult&#225;neamente y pueden confluir&#46; Tardan de 1 a 4 semanas en curar y pueden dejar cicatriz especialmente en las &#250;lceras coalescentes&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Diagn&#243;stico diferencial</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La forma de presentaci&#243;n de las aftas orales ayuda a realizar el diagn&#243;stico diferencial&#46; Seg&#250;n &#233;sta&#44; se puede orientar el diagn&#243;stico en dependencia de que se trate de una &#250;lcera solitaria&#44; episodios recurrentes de una o m&#225;s &#250;lceras que curan espont&#225;neamente&#44; episodio &#250;nico de aftas precedidas por ves&#237;culas y que afecta a m&#250;ltiples localizaciones orales&#44; o bien aftosis oral persistente que afecta a diferentes localizaciones &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">tabla 2</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a>&#46; Ante la aparici&#243;n de episodios recurrentes de una o m&#225;s &#250;lceras que curan espont&#225;neamente&#44; el diagn&#243;stico diferencial debe hacerse entre la estomatitis aftosa recurrente o AOR&#44; la enfermedad de Beh&#231;et&#44; la <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">aphthous-like-ulcers</span> por enfermedades sist&#233;micas o por f&#225;rmacos y el eritema multiforme recurrente&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s de la forma de presentaci&#243;n de las aftas orales&#44; la gravedad de las manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas de la aftosis oral tambi&#233;n ayuda a efectuar el diagn&#243;stico diferencial&#46; Con este criterio&#44; se clasifican en&#58; aftosis simple y aftosis compleja &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33&#8211;36</span></a>&#46; La aftosis simple es la forma de presentaci&#243;n m&#225;s frecuente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#46; Cursa con aftas orales recurrentes en cualquiera de su tres formas posibles &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span> o herpetiforme&#41;&#44; en general con 3-6 episodios anuales que son de corta duraci&#243;n y que curan espont&#225;neamente&#44; lo que permite establecer el diagn&#243;stico de AOR&#46; La aftosis compleja se manifiesta con brotes m&#225;s prolongados que a veces son continuos&#44; con tres o m&#225;s aftas orales y puede acompa&#241;arse de &#250;lceras genitales o perianales&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ante una aftosis oral compleja&#44; el primer paso debe ser el de descartar una enfermedad de Beh&#231;et&#46; Una vez se ha excluido este diagn&#243;stico&#44; la aftosis oral compleja puede ser catalogada como primaria o bien como secundaria&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Para establecer el diagn&#243;stico de aftosis compleja primaria&#44; se deben descartar todos los procesos que la pueden producir y que permitir&#237;a clasificarla como secundaria &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">tabla 3</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span></a>&#44; pero incluso as&#237;&#44; se debe tener en cuenta que el diagn&#243;stico de una enfermedad de Beh&#231;et puede ser dif&#237;cil en las fases iniciales y se puede retrasar incluso varios a&#241;os&#44; lo que justifica un cuidadoso seguimiento a todo paciente diagnosticado de aftosis compleja primaria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las aftosis orales complejas secundarias pueden ser un signo de diversos procesos sist&#233;micos que pueden cursar con episodios similares a una aftosis oral recurrente&#46; La causa m&#225;s frecuente es la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal&#44; de la que puede ser su primera manifestaci&#243;n&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En la pr&#225;ctica reumatol&#243;gica no es infrecuente hallar aftas orales secundarias a determinados f&#225;rmacos y a algunas enfermedades con manifestaciones articulares&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto a los f&#225;rmacos&#44; se han comunicado m&#250;ltiples casos de ulceraci&#243;n oral en relaci&#243;n a los mismos y&#44; entre ellos&#44; varios son utilizados com&#250;nmente en reumatolog&#237;a&#44; incluso para tratar enfermedades sist&#233;micas que a su vez puede ser causantes de la aftosis oral &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">tabla 4</a>&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38&#8211;42</span></a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En lo que se refiere a las enfermedades sist&#233;micas que pueden tener afectaci&#243;n articular &#40;artritis o artralgias&#41;&#44; las hay que incluyen la presencia de las aftas entre sus criterios diagn&#243;sticos&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lupus eritematoso&#58; ulceraci&#243;n oral o nasofar&#237;ngea&#44; habitualmente indolora&#44; observada por un m&#233;dico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">43</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enfermedad de Beh&#231;et&#58; &#250;lceras orales recurrentes &#40;aftosis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">major</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">minor</span> o herpetiforme&#41; observadas por un m&#233;dico o el paciente y haber recurrido al menos tres veces en un per&#237;odo de 12 meses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Granulomatosis de Wegener&#58; inflamaci&#243;n oral o nasal con el desarrollo de &#250;lceras orales dolorosas o indoloras o secreci&#243;n nasal purulenta o sanguinolenta<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Enfermedad de Crohn&#58; ulceraciones aftosas m&#250;ltiples y peque&#241;as en el tracto digestivo superior e inferior&#44; no necesariamente con organizaci&#243;n longitudinal&#44; por al menos tres meses&#44; m&#225;s granulomas no caseosos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">46</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S&#237;ndrome de PFAPA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;&#171;Periodic Fever&#44; Aphthous stomatitis&#44; Pharyngitis&#44; cervical Adenitis&#187;&#41;</span>&#58; aftas orales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Existen otras enfermedades sist&#233;micas que tienen o pueden tener afectaci&#243;n articular y que a veces cursan con aftas orales&#44; pero su presencia no est&#225; incluida entre sus criterios diagn&#243;sticos&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S&#237;ndrome de Reiter&#58; pueden estar presentes y&#44; caracter&#237;sticamente no son dolorosas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S&#237;ndrome de Sj&#246;gren&#58; en una mucosa oral seca frecuentemente se presentan ulceraciones<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S&#237;ndrome de Sweet o dermatosis neutrof&#237;lica aguda febril<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50&#44;51</span></a>&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Colitis ulcerosa&#58; las aftas orales no son m&#225;s prevalentes que las halladas en un grupo control formado por pacientes con trastornos funcionales de la motilidad intestinal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">52</span></a>&#44; pero son m&#225;s persistentes y acostumbran a ser de mayor tama&#241;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">53</span></a>&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otro s&#237;ndrome que considerar en el diagn&#243;stico diferencial de las enfermedades reum&#225;ticas capaces de producir una aftosis oral compleja&#44; es el de MAGIC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;</span>&#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mouth And Genital ulcers with Inflamed Cartilages&#187;&#41;</span>&#44; que carece de unos criterios diagn&#243;sticos establecidos&#44; pero se manifiesta mediante un cuadro de solapamiento entre el s&#237;ndrome de Beh&#231;et en el que las aftas recurrentes son un criterio diagn&#243;stico y una policondritis recidivante<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">54</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Tratamiento</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El desconocimiento de la causa de la AOR no permite un tratamiento etiol&#243;gico&#46; Los existentes son tratamientos sintom&#225;ticos que intentan disminuir el dolor&#44; acortar el plazo de curaci&#243;n de las aftas&#44; y aumentar los per&#237;odos asintom&#225;ticos que median entre las crisis&#46; Cuando las &#250;lceras son de peque&#241;o tama&#241;o&#44; poco sintom&#225;ticas e infrecuentes&#44; es posible que ni llegue a ser necesario el aplicar un tratamiento t&#243;pico&#44; y que sea suficiente con medidas diet&#233;ticas&#44; evitando los alimentos que pueden favorecer la aparici&#243;n de las aftas o que las pueden empeorar&#44; incluidos aquellos que por su textura dura podr&#237;an erosionar la mucosa oral&#46; Si se identifican factores precipitantes que se pueden corregir&#44; se actuar&#225; sobre ellos&#46; En el caso que exista un proceso de base que explique la aparici&#243;n de la aftosis&#44; el tratamiento del mismo la puede mejorar&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En una revisi&#243;n sistem&#225;tica sobre el resultado de los distintos tratamientos t&#243;picos utilizados en la AOR&#44; se lleg&#243; a las siguientes conclusiones en cuanto a su capacidad para disminuir la incidencia de las &#250;lceras y a su poder analg&#233;sico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">55</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clorhexidina</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidencia de la &#250;lcera&#46; Comparada con placebo en colutorio puede ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir la gravedad&#44; incidencia y duraci&#243;n de la &#250;lcera &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#46;</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparada con placebo en gel puede ser m&#225;s efectiva en disminuir el dolor &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hexetedina</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidencia de la &#250;lcera&#46; Comparada con placebo puede no ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir la gravedad&#44; incidencia y duraci&#243;n de la &#250;lcera &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#46;</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparada con placebo puede no ser m&#225;s efectiva en disminuir el dolor &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carbenoxolona gel o colutorios</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidencia de la &#250;lcera&#46; Comparada con placebo en colutorio puede ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir el n&#250;mero de &#250;lceras &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#46;</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparada con placebo en colutorio puede ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir el dolor &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Corticosteroides t&#243;picos</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidencia de la &#250;lcera&#46; Comparados con placebo pueden ser m&#225;s efectivos en reducir la incidencia de nuevas &#250;lceras y su duraci&#243;n &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#46;</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparados con placebo pueden ser m&#225;s r&#225;pidos en disminuir la cantidad y duraci&#243;n del dolor&#44; sin causar efectos adversos locales o sist&#233;micos valorables &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analg&#233;sicos locales&#58; bencidamida colutorio</p><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0050"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Incidencia de la &#250;lcera&#46; Comparada con placebo puede no ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir la incidencia de nuevas &#250;lceras &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#46;</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparada con placebo puede no ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir el dolor&#44; pero puede ser preferida por su efecto analg&#233;sico t&#243;pico transitorio &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6&#46;</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tetraciclina colutorio</p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analgesia&#46; Comparada con placebo puede ser m&#225;s efectiva en reducir el dolor &#40;evidencia de muy baja calidad&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tambi&#233;n se han propuesto otros tratamientos t&#243;picos como el sucralfato<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">56</span></a>&#44; que al formar una pel&#237;cula protectora sobre el fondo de la &#250;lcera oral&#44; disminuye el dolor y acorta el tiempo de curaci&#243;n&#46; As&#237; mismo&#44; se ha descrito una mayor rapidez en la curaci&#243;n de las &#250;lceras con amlexanox al 5&#37;&#44; que es una pomada mocoadhesiva de aplicaci&#243;n oral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">57</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se puede recurrir a la cauterizaci&#243;n local por medio de soluciones c&#225;usticas como el nitrato de plata<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">58</span></a>&#46; Se ha utilizado la crioterapia con nitr&#243;geno l&#237;quido&#44; pero no se ha demostrado un mayor efecto analg&#233;sico respecto el placebo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">59</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se ha utilizado el tratamiento mediante l&#225;ser<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">60</span></a>&#44; y con ultrasonidos de baja intensidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">61</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Si la AOR cursa con episodios recurrentes recalcitrantes&#44; se han recomendado varios tratamientos sist&#233;micos con &#233;xito diverso&#44; tales como&#58; corticoides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">62</span></a>&#44; pentoxifilina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">63</span></a>&#44; levamisol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">64</span></a>&#44; colquicina y dapsona<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">65</span></a>&#44; talidomida<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">66&#44;67</span></a>&#44; tratamiento biol&#243;gico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">68&#44;69</span></a>&#44; clofazimina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">70</span></a>&#44; y otros &#40;metotrexato&#44; azatioprina&#44; ciclosporina&#44; ciclofosfamida&#44; etc&#46;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">71&#44;72</span></a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflicto de intereses</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los autores declaran no tener ning&#250;n conflicto de intereses&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Etiopatogenia"
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          "titulo" => "Manifestaciones cl&#237;nicas"
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          "titulo" => "Diagn&#243;stico diferencial"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-03-01"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-05-17"
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            1 => "Estomatitis aftosa recurrente"
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          "palabras" => array:3 [
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            1 => "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis"
            2 => "Complex aphthosis"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La aftosis oral recurrente consiste en la aparici&#243;n de episodios repetidos de &#250;lceras sin que exista una causa conocida&#46; Son &#250;lceras orales en n&#250;mero y tama&#241;o variable seg&#250;n la forma de presentaci&#243;n&#44; la cual tambi&#233;n condiciona el tiempo necesario para la curaci&#243;n&#46; Existen factores que favorecen su aparici&#243;n&#44; pero no son causales&#46;&#160;En determinados casos&#44; los brotes de aftosis tienen una causa conocida y entonces no se considera una aftosis oral recurrente&#46; La forma de presentaci&#243;n de las &#250;lceras y su gravedad son claves en el diagn&#243;stico diferencial&#46; El tratamiento es sintom&#225;tico en la aftosis oral recurrente&#44; mientras que si existe una causa sist&#233;mica de base el tratamiento ser&#225; el indicado en este caso adem&#225;s del t&#243;pico&#46;</p>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recurrent aphthous stomatitis consists on recurring oral ulcers of unknown etiology&#46; Oral ulcers may be different in number and size depending on the clinical presentation&#44; which also determines the time needed for healing&#46; Moreover&#44; there are factors associated to outbreaks but not implicated in its etiopathogenesis&#46; When&#160;oral aphthosis has a known etiology&#44; it is&#160;not considered as recurrent aphthous stomatitis&#46; The severity and the clinical presentation helps in the differential diagnosis&#46; Treatment is symptomatic in recurrent aphthous stomatitis while&#44; if there is an underlying systemic disease&#44; the treatment of such disease is need in addition to topical treatment&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fuente&#58; modificada de Scully et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#42;Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#42;&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mouth And Genital ulcers with Inflamed Cartilages</span>&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">&#42;&#42;&#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Periodic Fever&#44; Aphthous stomatitis&#44; Pharyngitis&#44; cervical Adenitis</span>&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enfermedades infecciosas</span>Estomatitis herp&#233;ticaVaricelaHerpes zosterVirus coxsackie &#40;enfermedad mano-pie-boca&#44; herpangina&#41;Mononucleosis infecciosaInfecci&#243;n por VIH<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>Gingivitis necrosante aguda<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treponema pallidum</span>Infecciones f&#250;ngicasInfecciones por protozoos &#40;leishmaniasis&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aftosis compleja&#58;</span> presencia casi constante de &#8805; 3 aftas orales o bien de aftas recurrentes orales y genitales&#46; Excluida la enfermedad de Beh&#231;et&#44; puede ser&#58;Aftosis compleja primaria o idiop&#225;ticaAftosis compleja secundaria&#58;Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinalInfecci&#243;n por VIH &#40;virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana&#41;Neutropenia c&#237;clicaS&#237;ndrome PFAPA <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;&#171;Periodic Fever&#44; Aphthous stomatitis&#44; Pharyngitis&#44; cervical Adenitis&#187;&#41;</span>D&#233;ficit de hierro&#44; cinc&#44; folato&#44; vitaminas B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#44; B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#44; B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">6</span>&#44; B<span class="elsevierStyleInf">12</span>Enteropat&#237;a por gluten&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enfermedad de Beh&#231;et&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">S&#237;ndrome de MAGIC <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;</span>&#171;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mouth And Genital ulcers with Inflamed Cartilages</span>&#187;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab213011.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clasificaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica de la aftosis</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Tabla 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alendronato&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diclofenaco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Indometacina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pancreatina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alprazolam&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dideoxicitidina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Interferon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Penicilamina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Alopurinol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diltiazem&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Interleukina-2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Penicilina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aspirina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Disopiramida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Imipramina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Potasio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cloruro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Atorvastatina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Docetaxel&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Isoprenalina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Proguanilo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aurotiomalato&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Doxorubicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Keterolaco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prometazina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Azatioprina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Emepronio-Bromuro&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Lamotrigina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Propanolol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Aztreonam&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Enalapril&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Leflunomida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Propiltiouracilo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Barbit&#250;ricos&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Eritromicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Levamisol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Quinidina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bleomicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Estreptomicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Litio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ritonavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Captopril&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Everolimus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Losart&#225;n&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Saquinavir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Carbamazepina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fenilbutazona&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Melfan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sertralina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ciclosporina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fenindiona&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Metamizol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sulfonamidas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cisplatino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fenito&#237;na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Metotrexato&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sulindaco&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Citarabina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fluconazol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Metronizadol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Terbutalina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Claritromicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Flunisolida&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mitomicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Tetraciclinas&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Clonazepam&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fluoxetina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Molgramostim&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vancomicina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cloranfenicol&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ganciclovir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Naproxeno&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vincristina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Cloroquina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hidralazina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nicorandil&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Venlafaxina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Clorpromacina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Hidroxiurea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nifedipino&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Warfarina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Code&#237;na&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ibuprofeno&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Olanzapina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zidovudina&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab213008.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "es" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">F&#225;rmacos que pueden producir &#250;lceras orales</p>"
        ]
      ]
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      "titulo" => "Bibliograf&#237;a"
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        0 => array:2 [
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          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:72 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Aphthous ulceration"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Scully"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMcp054630"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "355"
                        "paginaInicial" => "165"
                        "paginaFinal" => "172"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16837680"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                      ]
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            1 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "ABC of oral health&#44; Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Scully"
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "321"
                        "paginaInicial" => "162"
                        "paginaFinal" => "165"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894697"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Review article&#58; oral ulcers and its relevance to systemic disorders"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46;R&#46; Porter"
                            1 => "J&#46;C&#46; Leao"
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                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02333.x"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Aliment Pharmacol Ther"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "295"
                        "paginaFinal" => "306"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15709981"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
              ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis&#58; Clinical characteristics and associated systemic disorders"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "R&#46;S&#46; Rogers III"
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                  ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Semin Cutan Med Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "278"
                        "paginaFinal" => "283"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9421219"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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            4 => array:3 [
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Recurrent aphthous stomatitis"
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                            0 => "S&#46;R&#46; Porter"
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                            2 => "A&#46; Pedersen"
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "306"
                        "paginaFinal" => "321"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9715368"
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            5 => array:3 [
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The diagnosis and management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis&#58; a consensus approach"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Scully"
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                            2 => "F&#46; Lozada-Nur"
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Dent Assoc"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "134"
                        "paginaInicial" => "200"
                        "paginaFinal" => "207"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12636124"
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              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Recurrent Aphthous stomatitis&#58; clinical characteristics and evidence for an immunopathogenesis"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Invest Dermatol"
                        "fecha" => "1977"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "499"
                        "paginaFinal" => "509"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/336797"
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            7 => array:3 [
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                      "titulo" => "Immunopathogenesis of oral lichen planus and recurrent aphthous stotamitis"
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                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "L&#46;R&#46; Eversole"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "294"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factores inmunol&#243;gicos y microbiol&#243;gicos asociados con la etiolog&#237;a de la estomatitis aftosa recurrente"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
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                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta odontol venez"
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ISSN: 1699258X
Idioma original: Español
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