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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium chelonae</span> is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that causes skin and soft tissue infections after trauma in immunocompetent individuals and in immunocompromised hosts with disseminated disease&#44; especially in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of a 29-year-old woman whose medical record included systemic lupus erythematosus&#44; sarcoidosis and a 4-year history of sickle cell anemia plus &#946;-thalassemia&#46; At the time of writing&#44; she was being treated with rituximab &#40;she had received 2 cycles of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g each&#41;&#44; azathioprine 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day&#44; methylprednisolone 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day and hydroxyurea 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day&#46; She was admitted to a quaternary care center with a 3-month history of pain in her right hip&#46; Drug treatment with a variety of analgesics and multiple local injections in right hip and gluteus resulted in a partial improvement of her symptoms&#46; One month later&#44; the clinical symptoms returned and she presented with an abscess in right gluteus&#44; with local inflammatory changes&#46; Physical examination revealed the presence of a painful nodule&#46; She underwent surgical drainage of the abscess&#44; and cultures for the usual bacteria&#44; fungi and mycobacteria &#40;auramine&#8211;rhodamine stain and culture in L&#246;wenstein&#8211;Jensen solid medium&#41; were negative&#46; Antibiotic therapy was initiated with ceftriaxone<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>vancomycin and ampicillin&#47;sulbactam&#44; with no improvement whatsoever&#46; A biopsy was performed with the drained material&#44; and the latter was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41; for the detection of mycobacteria&#44; in which <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; chelonae</span> DNA was isolated&#46; The patient began treatment with clarithromycin 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;day and moxifloxacin 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day in May 2014&#44; with which she continued at the time of writing&#44; with resolution of the clinical condition&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nontuberculous mycobacteria constitute a group of species that includes <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium abscessus</span> &#40;with 3 subspecies&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; chelonae</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium fortuitum</span>&#44; which are widely distributed in nature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a pathogen in humans&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; chelonae</span> has a number of clinical forms&#44; the severity of which ranges from frequent mild skin and soft tissue infections to potentially fatal systemic infections&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skin infection is the most common clinical condition in immunocompetent individuals&#44; and is usually preceded by an injury&#44; open fracture&#44; wound from a sharp&#44; cutting weapon&#44; or a surgical procedure &#40;especially plastic surgery&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In immunocompromised individuals&#44; this pathogen causes disseminated skin infections&#44; and the entry route or route of transmission is generally unidentified&#46; The clinical manifestations consist of infections in organs and skin abscesses that generally affect the lower extremities&#46; Localized injuries can also cause infections &#40;cellulitis&#44; abscesses and osteomyelitis&#41;&#44; as can surgical wounds and catheters&#44; although to a lesser degree&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important that general practitioners&#44; when treating patients with autoimmune diseases and using biologic therapies&#44; have a high index of suspicion of infection by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; chelonae</span>&#44; founded on 3 criteria&#58; &#40;a&#41; a previous skin lesion&#44; mainly from cosmetic or surgical procedures&#59; &#40;b&#41; the presence of painful subcutaneous nodules and abscesses at the site of the lesion&#59; and &#40;c&#41; a poor or inadequate response to the antibiotic therapy received&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis starts with the direct observation of mycobacteria in the aspirate of secretions or in the tissue obtained&#44; using Ziehl&#8211;Neelsen or auramine&#8211;rhodamine stain&#44; plus the performance of special cultures for the diagnosis&#46; The classical Ziehl&#8211;Neelsen technique and the fluorescence technique with auramine&#8211;rhodamine are equally effective for the diagnosis&#44; but around 30&#37; of the rapidly growing mycobacteria can exhibit negative fluorescence with the auramine-rhodamine technique&#46; Thus&#44; when infection by rapidly growing mycobacteria is suspected&#44; the procedure of choice is the Ziehl&#8211;Neelsen stain&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bacteriological culture enables us to enhance the sensitivity of the diagnosis&#59; even if the result of direct observation is negative&#44; the disease is not ruled out&#46; Therefore&#44; sampling should be carried out for DNA amplification using the PCR technique&#44; to obtain the patterns of sensitivity to first-line and second-line drugs that serve as a guide to the most adequate and effective treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they had no source of funding&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 12. Issue 2.
Pages 118-119 (March - April 2016)
Vol. 12. Issue 2.
Pages 118-119 (March - April 2016)
Letter to the Editor
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Adverse Effects of Immunosuppressive Therapy in Rheumatic Patients: Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Infection
Efectos adversos de terapia inmunosupresora en paciente reumatológico: infección por micobacterias no tuberculosas
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Jean Sebastian Hurtado Hurtado
Internist, Salucoop, Cali, Colombia
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To the Editor,

Mycobacterium chelonae is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that causes skin and soft tissue infections after trauma in immunocompetent individuals and in immunocompromised hosts with disseminated disease, especially in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving immunosuppressive therapy.1–3

We report the case of a 29-year-old woman whose medical record included systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis and a 4-year history of sickle cell anemia plus β-thalassemia. At the time of writing, she was being treated with rituximab (she had received 2 cycles of 1g each), azathioprine 100mg/day, methylprednisolone 16mg/day and hydroxyurea 1g/day. She was admitted to a quaternary care center with a 3-month history of pain in her right hip. Drug treatment with a variety of analgesics and multiple local injections in right hip and gluteus resulted in a partial improvement of her symptoms. One month later, the clinical symptoms returned and she presented with an abscess in right gluteus, with local inflammatory changes. Physical examination revealed the presence of a painful nodule. She underwent surgical drainage of the abscess, and cultures for the usual bacteria, fungi and mycobacteria (auramine–rhodamine stain and culture in Löwenstein–Jensen solid medium) were negative. Antibiotic therapy was initiated with ceftriaxone+vancomycin and ampicillin/sulbactam, with no improvement whatsoever. A biopsy was performed with the drained material, and the latter was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of mycobacteria, in which M. chelonae DNA was isolated. The patient began treatment with clarithromycin 1g/day and moxifloxacin 400mg/day in May 2014, with which she continued at the time of writing, with resolution of the clinical condition.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria constitute a group of species that includes Mycobacterium abscessus (with 3 subspecies), M. chelonae and Mycobacterium fortuitum, which are widely distributed in nature.4

As a pathogen in humans, M. chelonae has a number of clinical forms, the severity of which ranges from frequent mild skin and soft tissue infections to potentially fatal systemic infections.

Skin infection is the most common clinical condition in immunocompetent individuals, and is usually preceded by an injury, open fracture, wound from a sharp, cutting weapon, or a surgical procedure (especially plastic surgery).5

In immunocompromised individuals, this pathogen causes disseminated skin infections, and the entry route or route of transmission is generally unidentified. The clinical manifestations consist of infections in organs and skin abscesses that generally affect the lower extremities. Localized injuries can also cause infections (cellulitis, abscesses and osteomyelitis), as can surgical wounds and catheters, although to a lesser degree.

It is important that general practitioners, when treating patients with autoimmune diseases and using biologic therapies, have a high index of suspicion of infection by M. chelonae, founded on 3 criteria: (a) a previous skin lesion, mainly from cosmetic or surgical procedures; (b) the presence of painful subcutaneous nodules and abscesses at the site of the lesion; and (c) a poor or inadequate response to the antibiotic therapy received.6

The diagnosis starts with the direct observation of mycobacteria in the aspirate of secretions or in the tissue obtained, using Ziehl–Neelsen or auramine–rhodamine stain, plus the performance of special cultures for the diagnosis. The classical Ziehl–Neelsen technique and the fluorescence technique with auramine–rhodamine are equally effective for the diagnosis, but around 30% of the rapidly growing mycobacteria can exhibit negative fluorescence with the auramine-rhodamine technique. Thus, when infection by rapidly growing mycobacteria is suspected, the procedure of choice is the Ziehl–Neelsen stain.

Bacteriological culture enables us to enhance the sensitivity of the diagnosis; even if the result of direct observation is negative, the disease is not ruled out. Therefore, sampling should be carried out for DNA amplification using the PCR technique, to obtain the patterns of sensitivity to first-line and second-line drugs that serve as a guide to the most adequate and effective treatment.7

Funding

The authors declare that they had no source of funding.

References
[1]
R. Lage, D.G. Biccigo, F.B. Santos, E. Chimara, E.S. Pereira, A.D. Costa.
Mycobacterium chelonae cutaneous infection in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease.
An Bras Dermatol, 90 (2015), pp. 104-110
[2]
K.L. Winthrop, S. Yamashita, S.E. Beekmann, P.M. Polgreen, Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network.
Mycobacterial and other serious infections in patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor and other newly approved biologic therapies: case finding through the Emerging Infections Network.
Clin Infect Dis, 46 (2008), pp. 1738-1740
[3]
D. Uslan, T. Kowalski, N. Wengenack, A. Virk, J. Wilson.
Skin and soft tissue infections due to rapidly growing Mycobacteria.
Arch Dermatol, 142 (2006), pp. 1287-1290
[4]
F. Alcaide, J. Esteban.
Infecciones cutáneas y de partes blandas por micobacterias no tuberculosas.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 28 (2010), pp. 46-50
[5]
C. Piersimoni, C. Scarparo.
Extrapulmonary infections associated with nontuberculous Mycobacteria in immunocompetent persons.
Emerg Infect Dis, 15 (2009), pp. 1351-1360
[6]
R. Bartralot, V. García-Patos, D. Sitjas, L. Rodríguez-Cano, J. Mollet, N. Martín-Casabona, et al.
Clinical patterns of cutaneous nontuberculous mycobacterial infections.
Br J Dermatol, 152 (2005), pp. 727-730
[7]
H.Y. Wang, H. Kim, S. Kim, D.K. Kim, S.N. Cho, H. Lee.
Performance of a real-time PCR assay for the rapid identification of Mycobacterium species.
J Microbiol, 53 (2015), pp. 38-46

Please cite this article as: Hurtado Hurtado JS. Efectos adversos de terapia inmunosupresora en paciente reumatológico: infección por micobacterias no tuberculosas. Reumatol Clin. 2016;12:118–119.

Copyright © 2015. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología
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