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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El uso cl&#237;nico de las estatinas como herramientas terap&#233;uticas para la osteoporosis no ha alcanzado a&#250;n la categor&#237;a de evidencia cient&#237;fica s&#243;lida&#44; a pesar de que han pasado casi 15 a&#241;os desde la aparici&#243;n de las primeras evidencias experimentales sobre el efecto de esta clase de f&#225;rmacos sobre el metabolismo &#243;seo&#44; espec&#237;ficamente sobre la estimulaci&#243;n de la formaci&#243;n de &#171;hueso nuevo&#187;&#46; Las estatinas son un grupo de compuestos inhibidores competitivos por la hidroxi-metil-glutaril-CoA &#40;HMG-CoA&#41; reductasa y que por ello han sido utilizados ampliamente para el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La primera evidencia experimental en un modelo animal del efecto osteomodulador de las estatinas fue reportada por Mundy et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#44; quienes demostraron que el tratamiento con lovastatina&#44; simvastatina&#44; fluvastatina y mevastatina result&#243; en incremento significativo &#40;hasta 2-3 veces comparado con los controles&#41; en los &#237;ndices y los marcadores de formaci&#243;n de hueso&#44; y que el efecto de las estatinas era comparable con el inducido por el tratamiento con prote&#237;na morfogen&#233;tica &#243;sea-2 &#40;BMP-2&#41; y el factor de crecimiento fibrobl&#225;stico&#44; los cuales son conocidos estimulantes del metabolismo &#243;seo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Otros estudios&#44; realizados en modelos animales&#44; replicaron los efectos de las estatinas como estimulantes de la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la aplicaci&#243;n de este conocimiento al tratamiento de las osteopat&#237;as metab&#243;licas en humanos no ha podido encontrar sustento s&#243;lido&#44; ya que los estudios sobre el t&#243;pico realizados en humanos han mostrado resultados contradictorios&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El potencial efecto positivo de las estatinas sobre la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea se puede explicar a partir de 3 mecanismos&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a&#41;</span> la promoci&#243;n de la osteog&#233;nesis&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b&#41;</span> la supresi&#243;n de la apoptosis de los osteoblastos&#44; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c&#41;</span> la inhibici&#243;n de la osteoclastog&#233;nesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La promoci&#243;n de la osteog&#233;nesis parece estar ligada a los mecanismos de prenilaci&#243;n como modificaci&#243;n postraduccional necesaria de ciertas prote&#237;nas clave de algunas cascadas de se&#241;alizaci&#243;n&#46; La enzima HMG-CoA reductasa cataliza la s&#237;ntesis de mevalonato&#44; el cual es un paso limitante para las reacciones de formaci&#243;n de los isoprenoides farnesil y geranil pirofosfato&#44; que son los primeros pasos para la s&#237;ntesis de colesterol&#46; El efecto principal de las estatinas radica en una disminuci&#243;n de la actividad catal&#237;tica de la HMG-CoA reductasa&#44; de la trasformaci&#243;n de HMG-CoA hacia mevalonato y&#44; finalmente&#44; de la formaci&#243;n de farnesil y geranil-pirofosfato&#46; Estos compuestos son esenciales para la prenilaci&#243;n de prote&#237;nas peque&#241;as de uni&#243;n al guanosina trifosfato &#40;prote&#237;nas G monom&#233;ricas&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; las cuales requieren de prenilaci&#243;n para su activaci&#243;n y anclaje a las membranas celulares&#44; lo cual finaliza en una serie de eventos de transducci&#243;n de se&#241;ales&#46; Un ejemplo de estas prote&#237;nas G monom&#233;ricas preniladas es Rho&#44; que ha evidenciado tener un papel antiosteog&#233;nico&#46; Existe evidencia de que Rho y su prote&#237;na blanco&#44; la Rho-cinasa&#44; tienen un efecto negativo en la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> y su inhibici&#243;n promueve la diferenciaci&#243;n osteobl&#225;stica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Adicionalmente&#44; se ha demostrado que la pitavastatina incrementa la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea al inhibir la prenilaci&#243;n y&#44; por lo tanto&#44; la acci&#243;n de Rho y Rho-cinasa&#44; adem&#225;s de que aumenta la expresi&#243;n de ARNm de BMP-2 y osteocalcina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Algunos estudios demostraron que la lovastatina a altas concentraciones s&#233;ricas &#40;10-50 uM&#41; inhibe la prenilaci&#243;n de Ras&#44; Rho y Rap&#46; Aunque el efecto sobre estas prote&#237;nas no se observa con las concentraciones alcanzadas utilizando dosis terap&#233;uticas hipolipidemiantes &#40;0&#44;05-0&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>uM&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; existen evidencias indicativas de que estas concentraciones tendr&#237;an alg&#250;n efecto positivo sobre la cascada de se&#241;alizaci&#243;n corriente abajo compuesta por las mol&#233;culas Akt y ERK&#44; las cuales se encuentran implicadas en la estimulaci&#243;n de la osteog&#233;nesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto al segundo mecanismo propuesto&#44; la supresi&#243;n de la apoptosis osteobl&#225;stica mediada por estatinas&#44; se ha descrito cierto grado de inhibici&#243;n apopt&#243;tica modulado por pitavastatina&#44; mevastatina y simvastatina&#44; el cual es explicable por el aumento de la expresi&#243;n de la prote&#237;na Smad3 &#40;&#171;mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3&#187;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Las prote&#237;nas Smad3 son transductores de se&#241;ales y moduladores transcripcionales activados por el factor de crecimiento transformante beta&#44; el cual ejerce un papel cr&#237;tico en la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Adicionalmente&#44; se ha demostrado inhibici&#243;n de la apoptosis osteobl&#225;stica mediada por simvastatina en cultivos de la l&#237;nea celular murina osteobl&#225;stica MC3T3-E1 en una forma dependiente de la dosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; la supresi&#243;n de la osteoclastog&#233;nesis promovida por las estatinas parece tener conexi&#243;n con la v&#237;a de se&#241;alizaci&#243;n de la osteoprotegerina &#40;OPG&#41;&#44; que es ligando del receptor activador para el factor nuclear &#954;B &#40;RANK-L&#41; y el receptor activador para el factor nuclear &#954;B &#40;RANK&#41;&#46; Un estudio in vitro demostr&#243; que la mevastatina y la simvastatina incrementaron la expresi&#243;n del ARNm de OPG y causaron disminuci&#243;n de la expresi&#243;n del correspondiente transcrito de RANK-L en cultivos de c&#233;lulas primarias provenientes de explantes &#243;seos de rat&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Aunado a lo anterior&#44; se ha indicado que la inhibici&#243;n de la funci&#243;n osteocl&#225;stica por las estatinas podr&#237;a explicarse por el efecto exhibido por la simvastatina sobre la inducci&#243;n de la expresi&#243;n del receptor de estr&#243;geno alfa en el tejido &#243;seo de ratas ovariectomizadas y su efecto en la restauraci&#243;n de la p&#233;rdida &#243;sea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; ya que este receptor desempe&#241;a un papel importante en la inhibici&#243;n de la osteoclastog&#233;nesis&#46; Otra explicaci&#243;n plausible para la inhibici&#243;n de la osteoclastog&#233;nesis mediada por estatinas se expone en t&#233;rminos de interferencia en la formaci&#243;n del citoesqueleto osteocl&#225;stico&#44; debido a la deficiente prenilaci&#243;n de las prote&#237;nas requeridas para esta funci&#243;n celular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La discordancia de los resultados sobre el efecto osteomodulador de las estatinas en humanos puede explicarse por la extrema heterogeneidad y las deficiencias metodol&#243;gicas&#44; tanto en el dise&#241;o&#44; como en las medidas de resultados y el tipo de an&#225;lisis identificables en los reportes cl&#237;nicos dedicados al t&#243;pico&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los estudios han sido de tipo transversal y&#47;u observacionales&#44; o se han basado en an&#225;lisis secundarios post hoc de los datos&#46; Los estudios motivados por la publicaci&#243;n de Mundy et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> han sido&#44; en su mayor&#237;a&#44; con pacientes hipercolesterol&#233;micos en los cuales las medidas de desenlace fueron la densidad mineral &#243;sea &#40;DMO&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15-19</span></a>&#44; los indicadores bioqu&#237;micos de remodelaci&#243;n &#243;sea&#44; como la fosfatasa alcalina&#44; los prop&#233;ptidos amino-terminal del col&#225;geno tipo 1&#44; los telop&#233;ptidos carboxi-terminales del col&#225;geno<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20-24</span></a>&#59; o bien combinaciones de DMO e indicadores bioqu&#237;micos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25-27</span></a>&#46; Los pocos estudios cl&#237;nicos que usaron la reducci&#243;n del riesgo de fracturas como medida desenlace muestran resultados contradictorios&#44; que var&#237;an desde ausencia de efecto<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28-31</span></a> hasta reducci&#243;n importante del riesgo de fracturas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32-34</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s de los aspectos metodol&#243;gicos&#44; hay aspectos espec&#237;ficos que podr&#237;an explicar&#44; de manera adicional&#44; la discordancia en los resultados sobre el efecto cl&#237;nico osteomodulador de las estatinas en humanos&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las dosis de estatinas usadas en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica para el control de la hipercolesterolemia no exhiben un efecto sobre la estimulaci&#243;n en la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea&#44; ya que las dosis usadas y las concentraciones alcanzadas fueron mucho mayores en los estudios sobre modelos experimentales que reportaron efectos ben&#233;ficos sobre la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea en comparaci&#243;n con las utilizadas en los estudios cl&#237;nicos en humanos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;35&#44;36</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De manera adicional&#44; el tipo de estatina utilizada es un factor confusor a considerar&#44; ya que el nivel de lipofilicidad&#44; polaridad y avidez &#243;sea de los diversos compuestos de la clase puede redundar en un efecto osteomodulador diferencial&#46; Las estatinas lipof&#237;licas parecen ser m&#225;s efectivas para la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea que aquellas de naturaleza hidrof&#237;lica&#44; ya que&#44; aparentemente&#44; las primeras estimulan la transcripci&#243;n de BMP-2&#44; mientras que las segundas no han exhibido esta acci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otro factor confusor al respecto radicar&#237;a en la hepatoespecificidad de las estatinas&#46; Si se toma en cuenta el efecto de primer paso&#44; la distribuci&#243;n de las estatinas hacia el microambiente &#243;seo podr&#237;a ser mucho menor de lo esperado&#46; Esto explicar&#237;a la necesidad de dosis y concentraciones mayores para la osteomodulaci&#243;n en comparaci&#243;n con las requeridas para el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia&#44; ya que solo el 5&#37; del f&#225;rmaco ingerido alcanza la circulaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica despu&#233;s de su acci&#243;n hipolipidemiante a nivel hep&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; hay una serie de evidencias provenientes desde la ciencia b&#225;sica y la investigaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica que indican que el uso de las estatinas podr&#237;an ser tratamientos efectivos para la osteoporosis&#46; No obstante&#44; se requiere todav&#237;a que este interrogante sea contestado mediante estudios realizados con dise&#241;os experimentales adecuados&#44; medidas de resultados relevantes y an&#225;lisis adecuados&#44; adem&#225;s de control de los confusores t&#233;cnicos y metodol&#243;gicos actualmente identificados&#46; Estas acciones de investigaci&#243;n sobre el t&#243;pico seguramente descartar&#225;n la hip&#243;tesis de efectividad potencial o&#44; venturosamente&#44; rescatar&#225;n de la latencia la promesa dormida desde hace 3 lustros&#46;</p></span>"
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Editorial
Estatinas y osteoporosis: una promesa latente
Statins and osteoporosis: A latent promise
Elda Leonor Pacheco-Pantoja
Autor para correspondencia
, Jose Alvarez-Nemegyei
Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Anahuac Mayab, Mérida, México
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quienes demostraron que el tratamiento con lovastatina&#44; simvastatina&#44; fluvastatina y mevastatina result&#243; en incremento significativo &#40;hasta 2-3 veces comparado con los controles&#41; en los &#237;ndices y los marcadores de formaci&#243;n de hueso&#44; y que el efecto de las estatinas era comparable con el inducido por el tratamiento con prote&#237;na morfogen&#233;tica &#243;sea-2 &#40;BMP-2&#41; y el factor de crecimiento fibrobl&#225;stico&#44; los cuales son conocidos estimulantes del metabolismo &#243;seo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Otros estudios&#44; realizados en modelos animales&#44; replicaron los efectos de las estatinas como estimulantes de la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la aplicaci&#243;n de este conocimiento al tratamiento de las osteopat&#237;as metab&#243;licas en humanos no ha podido encontrar sustento s&#243;lido&#44; ya que los estudios sobre el t&#243;pico realizados en humanos han mostrado resultados contradictorios&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El potencial efecto positivo de las estatinas sobre la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea se puede explicar a partir de 3 mecanismos&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a&#41;</span> la promoci&#243;n de la osteog&#233;nesis&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b&#41;</span> la supresi&#243;n de la apoptosis de los osteoblastos&#44; y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c&#41;</span> la inhibici&#243;n de la osteoclastog&#233;nesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La promoci&#243;n de la osteog&#233;nesis parece estar ligada a los mecanismos de prenilaci&#243;n como modificaci&#243;n postraduccional necesaria de ciertas prote&#237;nas clave de algunas cascadas de se&#241;alizaci&#243;n&#46; La enzima HMG-CoA reductasa cataliza la s&#237;ntesis de mevalonato&#44; el cual es un paso limitante para las reacciones de formaci&#243;n de los isoprenoides farnesil y geranil pirofosfato&#44; que son los primeros pasos para la s&#237;ntesis de colesterol&#46; El efecto principal de las estatinas radica en una disminuci&#243;n de la actividad catal&#237;tica de la HMG-CoA reductasa&#44; de la trasformaci&#243;n de HMG-CoA hacia mevalonato y&#44; finalmente&#44; de la formaci&#243;n de farnesil y geranil-pirofosfato&#46; Estos compuestos son esenciales para la prenilaci&#243;n de prote&#237;nas peque&#241;as de uni&#243;n al guanosina trifosfato &#40;prote&#237;nas G monom&#233;ricas&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#44; las cuales requieren de prenilaci&#243;n para su activaci&#243;n y anclaje a las membranas celulares&#44; lo cual finaliza en una serie de eventos de transducci&#243;n de se&#241;ales&#46; Un ejemplo de estas prote&#237;nas G monom&#233;ricas preniladas es Rho&#44; que ha evidenciado tener un papel antiosteog&#233;nico&#46; Existe evidencia de que Rho y su prote&#237;na blanco&#44; la Rho-cinasa&#44; tienen un efecto negativo en la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> y su inhibici&#243;n promueve la diferenciaci&#243;n osteobl&#225;stica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#46; Adicionalmente&#44; se ha demostrado que la pitavastatina incrementa la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea al inhibir la prenilaci&#243;n y&#44; por lo tanto&#44; la acci&#243;n de Rho y Rho-cinasa&#44; adem&#225;s de que aumenta la expresi&#243;n de ARNm de BMP-2 y osteocalcina<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Algunos estudios demostraron que la lovastatina a altas concentraciones s&#233;ricas &#40;10-50 uM&#41; inhibe la prenilaci&#243;n de Ras&#44; Rho y Rap&#46; Aunque el efecto sobre estas prote&#237;nas no se observa con las concentraciones alcanzadas utilizando dosis terap&#233;uticas hipolipidemiantes &#40;0&#44;05-0&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>uM&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>&#44; existen evidencias indicativas de que estas concentraciones tendr&#237;an alg&#250;n efecto positivo sobre la cascada de se&#241;alizaci&#243;n corriente abajo compuesta por las mol&#233;culas Akt y ERK&#44; las cuales se encuentran implicadas en la estimulaci&#243;n de la osteog&#233;nesis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En cuanto al segundo mecanismo propuesto&#44; la supresi&#243;n de la apoptosis osteobl&#225;stica mediada por estatinas&#44; se ha descrito cierto grado de inhibici&#243;n apopt&#243;tica modulado por pitavastatina&#44; mevastatina y simvastatina&#44; el cual es explicable por el aumento de la expresi&#243;n de la prote&#237;na Smad3 &#40;&#171;mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3&#187;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&#46; Las prote&#237;nas Smad3 son transductores de se&#241;ales y moduladores transcripcionales activados por el factor de crecimiento transformante beta&#44; el cual ejerce un papel cr&#237;tico en la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Adicionalmente&#44; se ha demostrado inhibici&#243;n de la apoptosis osteobl&#225;stica mediada por simvastatina en cultivos de la l&#237;nea celular murina osteobl&#225;stica MC3T3-E1 en una forma dependiente de la dosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finalmente&#44; la supresi&#243;n de la osteoclastog&#233;nesis promovida por las estatinas parece tener conexi&#243;n con la v&#237;a de se&#241;alizaci&#243;n de la osteoprotegerina &#40;OPG&#41;&#44; que es ligando del receptor activador para el factor nuclear &#954;B &#40;RANK-L&#41; y el receptor activador para el factor nuclear &#954;B &#40;RANK&#41;&#46; Un estudio in vitro demostr&#243; que la mevastatina y la simvastatina incrementaron la expresi&#243;n del ARNm de OPG y causaron disminuci&#243;n de la expresi&#243;n del correspondiente transcrito de RANK-L en cultivos de c&#233;lulas primarias provenientes de explantes &#243;seos de rat&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>&#46; Aunado a lo anterior&#44; se ha indicado que la inhibici&#243;n de la funci&#243;n osteocl&#225;stica por las estatinas podr&#237;a explicarse por el efecto exhibido por la simvastatina sobre la inducci&#243;n de la expresi&#243;n del receptor de estr&#243;geno alfa en el tejido &#243;seo de ratas ovariectomizadas y su efecto en la restauraci&#243;n de la p&#233;rdida &#243;sea<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>&#44; ya que este receptor desempe&#241;a un papel importante en la inhibici&#243;n de la osteoclastog&#233;nesis&#46; Otra explicaci&#243;n plausible para la inhibici&#243;n de la osteoclastog&#233;nesis mediada por estatinas se expone en t&#233;rminos de interferencia en la formaci&#243;n del citoesqueleto osteocl&#225;stico&#44; debido a la deficiente prenilaci&#243;n de las prote&#237;nas requeridas para esta funci&#243;n celular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La discordancia de los resultados sobre el efecto osteomodulador de las estatinas en humanos puede explicarse por la extrema heterogeneidad y las deficiencias metodol&#243;gicas&#44; tanto en el dise&#241;o&#44; como en las medidas de resultados y el tipo de an&#225;lisis identificables en los reportes cl&#237;nicos dedicados al t&#243;pico&#46; La mayor&#237;a de los estudios han sido de tipo transversal y&#47;u observacionales&#44; o se han basado en an&#225;lisis secundarios post hoc de los datos&#46; Los estudios motivados por la publicaci&#243;n de Mundy et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> han sido&#44; en su mayor&#237;a&#44; con pacientes hipercolesterol&#233;micos en los cuales las medidas de desenlace fueron la densidad mineral &#243;sea &#40;DMO&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15-19</span></a>&#44; los indicadores bioqu&#237;micos de remodelaci&#243;n &#243;sea&#44; como la fosfatasa alcalina&#44; los prop&#233;ptidos amino-terminal del col&#225;geno tipo 1&#44; los telop&#233;ptidos carboxi-terminales del col&#225;geno<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20-24</span></a>&#59; o bien combinaciones de DMO e indicadores bioqu&#237;micos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25-27</span></a>&#46; Los pocos estudios cl&#237;nicos que usaron la reducci&#243;n del riesgo de fracturas como medida desenlace muestran resultados contradictorios&#44; que var&#237;an desde ausencia de efecto<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28-31</span></a> hasta reducci&#243;n importante del riesgo de fracturas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32-34</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adem&#225;s de los aspectos metodol&#243;gicos&#44; hay aspectos espec&#237;ficos que podr&#237;an explicar&#44; de manera adicional&#44; la discordancia en los resultados sobre el efecto cl&#237;nico osteomodulador de las estatinas en humanos&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Las dosis de estatinas usadas en la pr&#225;ctica cl&#237;nica para el control de la hipercolesterolemia no exhiben un efecto sobre la estimulaci&#243;n en la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea&#44; ya que las dosis usadas y las concentraciones alcanzadas fueron mucho mayores en los estudios sobre modelos experimentales que reportaron efectos ben&#233;ficos sobre la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea en comparaci&#243;n con las utilizadas en los estudios cl&#237;nicos en humanos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;35&#44;36</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De manera adicional&#44; el tipo de estatina utilizada es un factor confusor a considerar&#44; ya que el nivel de lipofilicidad&#44; polaridad y avidez &#243;sea de los diversos compuestos de la clase puede redundar en un efecto osteomodulador diferencial&#46; Las estatinas lipof&#237;licas parecen ser m&#225;s efectivas para la formaci&#243;n &#243;sea que aquellas de naturaleza hidrof&#237;lica&#44; ya que&#44; aparentemente&#44; las primeras estimulan la transcripci&#243;n de BMP-2&#44; mientras que las segundas no han exhibido esta acci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Otro factor confusor al respecto radicar&#237;a en la hepatoespecificidad de las estatinas&#46; Si se toma en cuenta el efecto de primer paso&#44; la distribuci&#243;n de las estatinas hacia el microambiente &#243;seo podr&#237;a ser mucho menor de lo esperado&#46; Esto explicar&#237;a la necesidad de dosis y concentraciones mayores para la osteomodulaci&#243;n en comparaci&#243;n con las requeridas para el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia&#44; ya que solo el 5&#37; del f&#225;rmaco ingerido alcanza la circulaci&#243;n sist&#233;mica despu&#233;s de su acci&#243;n hipolipidemiante a nivel hep&#225;tico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En conclusi&#243;n&#44; hay una serie de evidencias provenientes desde la ciencia b&#225;sica y la investigaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica que indican que el uso de las estatinas podr&#237;an ser tratamientos efectivos para la osteoporosis&#46; No obstante&#44; se requiere todav&#237;a que este interrogante sea contestado mediante estudios realizados con dise&#241;os experimentales adecuados&#44; medidas de resultados relevantes y an&#225;lisis adecuados&#44; adem&#225;s de control de los confusores t&#233;cnicos y metodol&#243;gicos actualmente identificados&#46; Estas acciones de investigaci&#243;n sobre el t&#243;pico seguramente descartar&#225;n la hip&#243;tesis de efectividad potencial o&#44; venturosamente&#44; rescatar&#225;n de la latencia la promesa dormida desde hace 3 lustros&#46;</p></span>"
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