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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico &#40;LES&#41; es una enfermedad autoinmune de etiolog&#237;a desconocida en donde participan factores gen&#233;ticos&#44; ambientales e inmunol&#243;gicos&#44; puede afectar a&#58; articulaciones&#44; ri&#241;ones&#44; piel&#44; sistema nervioso y sistema cardiovascular&#46; Las pacientes presentan un alto riesgo de desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular prematura&#44; siendo la aterosclerosis la enfermedad card&#237;aca m&#225;s frecuente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a>&#46; Se han identificado manifestaciones como miocarditis&#44; valvulopat&#237;as&#44; trombosis&#44; vasculitis y ateroesclerosis acelerada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Incluso&#44; hemos reportado que un gran porcentaje de pacientes con LES presentan enfermedad estructural o funcional card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares han sido ampliamente estudiados en las pacientes con LES&#44; en quienes la hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; la dislipidemia&#44; el tabaquismo y la diabetes mellitus no explican en su totalidad el desarrollo acelerado de enfermedad cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a>&#44; por lo que es importante considerar a los llamados factores no tradicionales&#44; o relacionados con la enfermedad&#58; tiempo de evoluci&#243;n&#44; edad al diagn&#243;stico&#44; actividad de la enfermedad&#44; dosis de corticoesteroides y presencia de anticuerpos antifosfol&#237;pidos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a>&#46; Dentro de los factores de riesgo no cl&#225;sicos para el desarrollo de la ateroesclerosis&#44; se ha propuesto la deficiencia de vitamina D en pacientes con LES<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#59; sin embargo&#44; varios estudios no han demostrado esta asociaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La vitamina D es una hormona con un papel inmunorregulador&#44; que induce la mejor&#237;a de la fagocitosis&#44; la disminuci&#243;n de la expresi&#243;n del complejo principal de histocompatibilidad clase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> DR en las c&#233;lulas dendr&#237;ticas&#44; as&#237; como la inducci&#243;n a la madurez de la c&#233;lula natural <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">killer</span> y de c&#233;lulas T CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>CD25<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>FOXP3 capaces de mediar la tolerancia inmune&#44; disminuyendo el desarrollo de trastornos autoinmunes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Estos hallazgos se respaldan en diversos estudios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span>&#44; donde las bajas concentraciones s&#233;ricas de vitamina D se han relacionado con la disminuci&#243;n en la expresi&#243;n de las citocinas proinflamatorias del tipo Th17 y Th1&#44; y el incremento en la expresi&#243;n de citocinas del tipo Th2 y T reguladoras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;14</span></a>&#46; Algunos de estos estudios sugieren que suplementos con vitamina D pueden prevenir el da&#241;o endotelial producido por las redes extracelulares de los neutr&#243;filos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; a trav&#233;s de la disminuci&#243;n en IFN-&#945; y la inhibici&#243;n de la activaci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas presentadoras de ant&#237;geno<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; se ha observado que esta vitamina puede disminuir la expresi&#243;n de ARN mensajero de IL-6 e IL-10 e incrementar la expresi&#243;n de TGF-&#946; y el porcentaje de linfocitos T reguladores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se ha observado que la suplementaci&#243;n de vitamina D disminuye la expresi&#243;n de los linfocitos Th1&#44; Th17 y c&#233;lulas B con disminuci&#243;n en la producci&#243;n de auto-anticuerpos contra ADN celular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Actualmente existe controversia si la deficiencia de vitamina D realmente contribuye al desarrollo de ateroesclerosis en pacientes con LES&#44; y si la suplementaci&#243;n con dicha vitamina puede disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular en estas pacientes&#46; Nuestro grupo ha reportado que las pacientes con LES presentan una alta prevalencia de insuficiencia y deficiencia de vitamina D respecto a poblaci&#243;n sana<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; Las causas de deficiencia de vitamina D se relacionan con la falta de exposici&#243;n a la luz solar y el uso de filtros solares como parte del tratamiento de la fotosensibilidad de las pacientes con esta enfermedad&#44; as&#237; como el antecedente de enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica y el uso cr&#243;nico de corticoesteroides&#44; anticonvulsivantes y antimal&#225;ricos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#44; siendo la nefritis l&#250;pica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> y las dosis acumuladas de corticoesteroides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#44; los factores m&#225;s importantes&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la actividad de la enfermedad en las pacientes con LES y su posible relaci&#243;n con los niveles s&#233;ricos de vitamina D&#44; de igual manera&#44; ha sido controvertida&#46; Chen S&#46; et al&#46;&#44; demostraron que la suplementaci&#243;n de vitamina D puede modular la producci&#243;n de citocinas proinflamatorias y reducir los puntajes de SLEDAI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; esta relaci&#243;n entre vitamina D y actividad de la enfermedad ha sido corroborada por otros estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;25&#44;26</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; Sahebari M et al&#46;&#44; no encontraron dicha relaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En relaci&#243;n a la suplementaci&#243;n con vitamina D&#44; se ha observado que puede ser &#250;til la administraci&#243;n de estos suplementos en aquellas personas que presentan factores de riesgo cardiovasculares&#44; debido a que existe evidencia de una posible asociaci&#243;n de deficiencia de vitamina D y ateroesclerosis subcl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; La deficiencia de esta vitamina se ha relacionado con hiperlipidemia&#44; resistencia a la insulina&#44; alteraciones en el flujo sangu&#237;neo y rigidez de las arterias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a>&#46; En los pacientes con LES&#44; existe una relaci&#243;n de las afecciones cardiovasculares con factores de riesgo tales como&#58; mayor actividad de la enfermedad&#44; efectos colaterales de los medicamentos inmunosupresores y obesidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; diversos estudios muestran que la deficiencia de vitamina D est&#225; relacionada con mayor expresi&#243;n de alteraciones metab&#243;licas como hiperlipidemia y resistencia a la insulina&#44; pero no con ateroesclerosis subcl&#237;nica o afecciones cardiovasculares en los pacientes con LES<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;32</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con relaci&#243;n a las dosis suplementarias de vitamina D&#44; 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Abou-Raya et al&#46;&#44; demostraron que pacientes con LES y deficiencia de vitamina D&#44; posterior a la suplementaci&#243;n&#44; presentaron una disminuci&#243;n de las citocinas pro-inflamatorias y mejor&#237;a de los marcadores hemost&#225;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque no se conoce cu&#225;l es la dosis y el tiempo adecuado de administraci&#243;n de la vitamina D&#44; las dosis sostenidas de esta para alcanzar una concentraci&#243;n de 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; pueden mejorar el flujo vascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#44; disminuir la apoptosis del endotelio vascular y la actividad de los neutr&#243;filos en los pacientes con LES<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Lertratanakul A et al&#46;&#44; encontraron una relaci&#243;n de deficiencia de vitamina D con hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; hiperlipidemia y aumento de prote&#237;na C reactiva&#46; No encontraron que esta deficiencia fuese un factor independiente en la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares&#59; por otra parte&#44; se encontr&#243; asociaci&#243;n entre las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de vitamina D&#44; y mayor riesgo cardiovascular cuando se analiz&#243; con la concentraci&#243;n sucesiva en los grupos con mayores concentraciones s&#233;ricas de vitamina D&#44; por lo tanto&#44; a mayor concentraci&#243;n&#44; menor es el riesgo cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46; Skaaby T et al&#46;&#44; encontraron un riesgo relativo de 0&#44;95 por cada 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol&#47;l m&#225;s alto en la concentraci&#243;n de vitamina D para la disminuci&#243;n de triglic&#233;ridos&#44; hiperlipidemia y s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico&#44; pero no present&#243; relaci&#243;n con la incidencia de infarto de miocardio o ictus cerebral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46; Ante la evidencia respecto a la asociaci&#243;n de vitamina D con riesgo cardiovascular en las pacientes con LES&#44; pueden concluirse algunos puntos importantes&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> Es probable que la deficiencia de vitamina D en pacientes con LES se encuentre relacionada con mayor actividad de la enfermedad&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> Las complicaciones cardiovasculares de los pacientes con LES se encuentran relacionadas con la gravedad de la enfermedad&#44; con los efectos colaterales de los f&#225;rmacos inmunosupresores y con los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares cl&#225;sicos&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#41;</span> La deficiencia de vitamina D en pacientes con LES parece tener m&#225;s relaci&#243;n con alteraciones metab&#243;licas que con la enfermedad cardiovascular <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span>&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#41;</span> Es probable que mantener concentraciones s&#233;ricas &#243;ptimas de vitamina D en pacientes con LES puedan ser protectoras para el riesgo cardiovascular&#44;y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#41;</span> En la actualidad&#44; es razonable administrar dosis suplementarias de vitamina D a aquellos pacientes con deficiencia de esta vitamina y&#47;o con factores cl&#225;sicos de riesgo cardiovascular&#46;</p></span>"
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Editorial
Vitamina D y enfermedades cardiovasculares en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico
Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Mario García-Carrascoa,b,
Autor para correspondencia
mgc30591@yahoo.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Jose Luis Romero-Galvezc
a Departamento de Inmunología y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
b Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedad Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Hospital General Regional #36, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México
c Servicio de Alergología e Inmunología, Hospital Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Puebla, México
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">El lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico &#40;LES&#41; es una enfermedad autoinmune de etiolog&#237;a desconocida en donde participan factores gen&#233;ticos&#44; ambientales e inmunol&#243;gicos&#44; puede afectar a&#58; articulaciones&#44; ri&#241;ones&#44; piel&#44; sistema nervioso y sistema cardiovascular&#46; Las pacientes presentan un alto riesgo de desarrollo de enfermedad cardiovascular prematura&#44; siendo la aterosclerosis la enfermedad card&#237;aca m&#225;s frecuente<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a>&#46; Se han identificado manifestaciones como miocarditis&#44; valvulopat&#237;as&#44; trombosis&#44; vasculitis y ateroesclerosis acelerada<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&#46; Incluso&#44; hemos reportado que un gran porcentaje de pacientes con LES presentan enfermedad estructural o funcional card&#237;aca<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#46; Los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares han sido ampliamente estudiados en las pacientes con LES&#44; en quienes la hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; la dislipidemia&#44; el tabaquismo y la diabetes mellitus no explican en su totalidad el desarrollo acelerado de enfermedad cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a>&#44; por lo que es importante considerar a los llamados factores no tradicionales&#44; o relacionados con la enfermedad&#58; tiempo de evoluci&#243;n&#44; edad al diagn&#243;stico&#44; actividad de la enfermedad&#44; dosis de corticoesteroides y presencia de anticuerpos antifosfol&#237;pidos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;6</span></a>&#46; Dentro de los factores de riesgo no cl&#225;sicos para el desarrollo de la ateroesclerosis&#44; se ha propuesto la deficiencia de vitamina D en pacientes con LES<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a>&#59; sin embargo&#44; varios estudios no han demostrado esta asociaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La vitamina D es una hormona con un papel inmunorregulador&#44; que induce la mejor&#237;a de la fagocitosis&#44; la disminuci&#243;n de la expresi&#243;n del complejo principal de histocompatibilidad clase <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">II</span> DR en las c&#233;lulas dendr&#237;ticas&#44; as&#237; como la inducci&#243;n a la madurez de la c&#233;lula natural <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">killer</span> y de c&#233;lulas T CD4<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>CD25<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>FOXP3 capaces de mediar la tolerancia inmune&#44; disminuyendo el desarrollo de trastornos autoinmunes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>&#46; Estos hallazgos se respaldan en diversos estudios <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span>&#44; donde las bajas concentraciones s&#233;ricas de vitamina D se han relacionado con la disminuci&#243;n en la expresi&#243;n de las citocinas proinflamatorias del tipo Th17 y Th1&#44; y el incremento en la expresi&#243;n de citocinas del tipo Th2 y T reguladoras<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#8211;14</span></a>&#46; Algunos de estos estudios sugieren que suplementos con vitamina D pueden prevenir el da&#241;o endotelial producido por las redes extracelulares de los neutr&#243;filos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#44; a trav&#233;s de la disminuci&#243;n en IFN-&#945; y la inhibici&#243;n de la activaci&#243;n de c&#233;lulas presentadoras de ant&#237;geno<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#59; adem&#225;s&#44; se ha observado que esta vitamina puede disminuir la expresi&#243;n de ARN mensajero de IL-6 e IL-10 e incrementar la expresi&#243;n de TGF-&#946; y el porcentaje de linfocitos T reguladores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>&#46; Tambi&#233;n se ha observado que la suplementaci&#243;n de vitamina D disminuye la expresi&#243;n de los linfocitos Th1&#44; Th17 y c&#233;lulas B con disminuci&#243;n en la producci&#243;n de auto-anticuerpos contra ADN celular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Actualmente existe controversia si la deficiencia de vitamina D realmente contribuye al desarrollo de ateroesclerosis en pacientes con LES&#44; y si la suplementaci&#243;n con dicha vitamina puede disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular en estas pacientes&#46; Nuestro grupo ha reportado que las pacientes con LES presentan una alta prevalencia de insuficiencia y deficiencia de vitamina D respecto a poblaci&#243;n sana<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&#46; Las causas de deficiencia de vitamina D se relacionan con la falta de exposici&#243;n a la luz solar y el uso de filtros solares como parte del tratamiento de la fotosensibilidad de las pacientes con esta enfermedad&#44; as&#237; como el antecedente de enfermedad renal cr&#243;nica y el uso cr&#243;nico de corticoesteroides&#44; anticonvulsivantes y antimal&#225;ricos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;9</span></a>&#44; siendo la nefritis l&#250;pica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> y las dosis acumuladas de corticoesteroides<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a>&#44; los factores m&#225;s importantes&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respecto a la actividad de la enfermedad en las pacientes con LES y su posible relaci&#243;n con los niveles s&#233;ricos de vitamina D&#44; de igual manera&#44; ha sido controvertida&#46; Chen S&#46; et al&#46;&#44; demostraron que la suplementaci&#243;n de vitamina D puede modular la producci&#243;n de citocinas proinflamatorias y reducir los puntajes de SLEDAI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a>&#44; esta relaci&#243;n entre vitamina D y actividad de la enfermedad ha sido corroborada por otros estudios<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;25&#44;26</span></a>&#46; Por otra parte&#44; Sahebari M et al&#46;&#44; no encontraron dicha relaci&#243;n<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En relaci&#243;n a la suplementaci&#243;n con vitamina D&#44; se ha observado que puede ser &#250;til la administraci&#243;n de estos suplementos en aquellas personas que presentan factores de riesgo cardiovasculares&#44; debido a que existe evidencia de una posible asociaci&#243;n de deficiencia de vitamina D y ateroesclerosis subcl&#237;nica<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a>&#46; La deficiencia de esta vitamina se ha relacionado con hiperlipidemia&#44; resistencia a la insulina&#44; alteraciones en el flujo sangu&#237;neo y rigidez de las arterias<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;29</span></a>&#46; En los pacientes con LES&#44; existe una relaci&#243;n de las afecciones cardiovasculares con factores de riesgo tales como&#58; mayor actividad de la enfermedad&#44; efectos colaterales de los medicamentos inmunosupresores y obesidad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a>&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; diversos estudios muestran que la deficiencia de vitamina D est&#225; relacionada con mayor expresi&#243;n de alteraciones metab&#243;licas como hiperlipidemia y resistencia a la insulina&#44; pero no con ateroesclerosis subcl&#237;nica o afecciones cardiovasculares en los pacientes con LES<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;32</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Con relaci&#243;n a las dosis suplementarias de vitamina D&#44; las concentraciones de 4&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI diarias o 25&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI mensuales&#44; no disminuyen las citocinas pro-inflamatorias como el interfer&#243;n gamma<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a>&#44; la actividad de la enfermedad&#44; ni las afecciones cardiovasculares en personas con LES&#46; Otros estudios que emplearon dosis de 300&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI en bolo seguidas por 50&#46;000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>UI mensuales administradas durante un a&#241;o&#44; tampoco mostraron modificaciones francas en la actividad de la enfermedad<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34&#44;35</span></a>&#59; sin embargo&#44; estas dosis presentan adecuado margen de seguridad&#44; y logran incrementar linfocitos T reguladores y disminuir la respuesta inmune celular pro-inflamatoria de tipo Th1 y Th17<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a>&#46; Abou-Raya et al&#46;&#44; demostraron que pacientes con LES y deficiencia de vitamina D&#44; posterior a la suplementaci&#243;n&#44; presentaron una disminuci&#243;n de las citocinas pro-inflamatorias y mejor&#237;a de los marcadores hemost&#225;ticos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aunque no se conoce cu&#225;l es la dosis y el tiempo adecuado de administraci&#243;n de la vitamina D&#44; las dosis sostenidas de esta para alcanzar una concentraci&#243;n de 32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; pueden mejorar el flujo vascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">38</span></a>&#44; disminuir la apoptosis del endotelio vascular y la actividad de los neutr&#243;filos en los pacientes con LES<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>&#46; Lertratanakul A et al&#46;&#44; encontraron una relaci&#243;n de deficiencia de vitamina D con hipertensi&#243;n arterial&#44; hiperlipidemia y aumento de prote&#237;na C reactiva&#46; No encontraron que esta deficiencia fuese un factor independiente en la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares&#59; por otra parte&#44; se encontr&#243; asociaci&#243;n entre las concentraciones s&#233;ricas de vitamina D&#44; y mayor riesgo cardiovascular cuando se analiz&#243; con la concentraci&#243;n sucesiva en los grupos con mayores concentraciones s&#233;ricas de vitamina D&#44; por lo tanto&#44; a mayor concentraci&#243;n&#44; menor es el riesgo cardiovascular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span></a>&#46; Skaaby T et al&#46;&#44; encontraron un riesgo relativo de 0&#44;95 por cada 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nmol&#47;l m&#225;s alto en la concentraci&#243;n de vitamina D para la disminuci&#243;n de triglic&#233;ridos&#44; hiperlipidemia y s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lico&#44; pero no present&#243; relaci&#243;n con la incidencia de infarto de miocardio o ictus cerebral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a>&#46; Ante la evidencia respecto a la asociaci&#243;n de vitamina D con riesgo cardiovascular en las pacientes con LES&#44; pueden concluirse algunos puntos importantes&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1&#41;</span> Es probable que la deficiencia de vitamina D en pacientes con LES se encuentre relacionada con mayor actividad de la enfermedad&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2&#41;</span> Las complicaciones cardiovasculares de los pacientes con LES se encuentran relacionadas con la gravedad de la enfermedad&#44; con los efectos colaterales de los f&#225;rmacos inmunosupresores y con los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares cl&#225;sicos&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3&#41;</span> La deficiencia de vitamina D en pacientes con LES parece tener m&#225;s relaci&#243;n con alteraciones metab&#243;licas que con la enfermedad cardiovascular <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per se</span>&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4&#41;</span> Es probable que mantener concentraciones s&#233;ricas &#243;ptimas de vitamina D en pacientes con LES puedan ser protectoras para el riesgo cardiovascular&#44;y <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5&#41;</span> En la actualidad&#44; es razonable administrar dosis suplementarias de vitamina D a aquellos pacientes con deficiencia de esta vitamina y&#47;o con factores cl&#225;sicos de riesgo cardiovascular&#46;</p></span>"
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