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la etiolog&#237;a y la patogenia de la enfermedad permanecen inciertas&#46; Si bien existen algunas propuestas como la isquemia&#44; la toxicidad celular directa y la alteraci&#243;n en la diferenciaci&#243;n de las c&#233;lulas madre mesenquimales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dada la repercusi&#243;n de esta enfermedad con un inicio insidioso&#44; sin claros s&#237;ntomas ni signos&#44; es necesario el conocimiento de aquellos FR que la favorecen para lograr la vigilancia de estos pacientes&#44; llegar a un diagn&#243;stico precoz y as&#237; establecer las medidas preventivas necesarias y las estrategias de tratamiento adecuadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sobre esta base&#44; el objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de los distintos FR para la NAC en los pacientes ingresados en el Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre&#46; Se recogi&#243; retrospectivamente&#44; de enero del 2010 a diciembre del 2015&#44; a 129 pacientes con diagn&#243;stico de NAC&#59; la edad media &#177; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar fue de 58&#44;35 &#177; 15&#44;32 a&#241;os&#44; con predominio de varones &#40;56&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; Los criterios diagn&#243;sticos para definir la presencia de NAC fueron principalmente los hallazgos en las pruebas de imagen&#46; El estudio fue aprobado por el comit&#233; &#233;tico de investigaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica del hospital&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los FR m&#225;s prevalentes fueron el tabaquismo&#44; con 57 casos &#40;44&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; y la dislipidemia&#44; con 46 casos &#40;35&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; considerados como FR asociados&#46; Dentro de los FR con mayor carga etiol&#243;gica para el desarrollo de NAC&#44; los m&#225;s prevalentes fueron la corticoterapia&#44; con 37 casos &#40;28&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; el alcoholismo&#44; 26 casos &#40;20&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; y el traumatismo previo&#44; 20 casos &#40;15&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; De los 18 pacientes &#40;13&#44;9&#37;&#41; con enfermedad autoinmune&#47;inflamatoria&#44; 3 &#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico&#46; Los 3 estaban tratados con corticoterapia y 2 de los 3 pacientes ten&#237;an anticuerpos antifosfol&#237;pidos positivos&#46; En este sentido&#44; Gontero et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> no encontraron diferencias en la dosis acumulada total&#44; diaria&#44; ni en la duraci&#243;n de tratamiento esteroideo o la presencia de anticuerpos antifosfol&#237;pidos&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 17 pacientes &#40;13&#44;2&#37;&#41; no se consigui&#243; identificar ning&#250;n FR &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; hubo pacientes con varios FR&#44; con un c&#250;mulo de hasta 6 en un 1&#44;6&#37;&#44; siendo lo m&#225;s prevalente el tener 2 y 3 FR asociados con 32 casos &#40;24&#44;8&#37;&#41; y 27 casos &#40;20&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se dividi&#243; la muestra en 2 grupos para ver las diferencias entre j&#243;venes y mayores&#44; marcando como punto de corte de forma aleatoria los 50 a&#241;os&#59; encontr&#225;ndose de forma estad&#237;sticamente significativa &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41; la ausencia de FR conocido en la poblaci&#243;n mayor de 50 a&#241;os&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De acuerdo con otros autores&#44; se trata de una enfermedad con un inicio paulatino sin s&#237;ntomas y signos espec&#237;ficos&#44; lo que lleva a un diagn&#243;stico tard&#237;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Malizos et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> refieren que&#44; dados los numerosos factores asociados que se han descrito recientemente&#59; hoy en d&#237;a&#44; es menos frecuente clasificar la osteonecrosis como idiop&#225;tica&#46; Lo que concuerda con los resultados de nuestro estudio en el grupo de pacientes de 50 a&#241;os o menores &#40;2&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; asemej&#225;ndose la prevalencia de NAC idiop&#225;tica en mayores de 50 a&#241;os en nuestra serie &#40;19&#44;3&#37;&#41; a la descrita por otros autores &#40;20-25&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8&#44;10</span></a>&#46; Si bien es cierto que&#44; al tratarse de un estudio retrospectivo&#44; tiene sus limitaciones&#46; Como por ejemplo&#44; la p&#233;rdida de informaci&#243;n por no hallarse descritos estos FR en la historia cl&#237;nica&#44; contribuyendo a aumentar el n&#250;mero de pacientes sin factores asociados&#46; En nuestra serie&#44; los FR asociados a NAC m&#225;s prevalentes fueron&#58; el tabaquismo&#44; la dislipidemia&#44; la corticoterapia y el alcoholismo&#46; El conocimiento y la detecci&#243;n de los FR asociados a esta enfermedad favorecer&#225;n la toma de medidas preventivas para retrasar su aparici&#243;n y mejorar el pron&#243;stico&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;434&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;12&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                            3 => "J&#46; Lin"
                            4 => "J&#46; Jin"
                            5 => "W&#46;W&#46; Qian"
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                    0 => array:1 [
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Chin Med J&#46;"
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                      "titulo" => "Osteonecrosis of the femoral head&#58; Etiology&#44; imaging and treatment"
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                            2 => "S&#46;E&#46; Varitimidis"
                            3 => "Z&#46;H&#46; Dailiana"
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                            5 => "T&#46; Maris"
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                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.03.019"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Radiol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "63"
                        "paginaInicial" => "16"
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                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17555906"
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                      "titulo" => "Guideline for diagnostic and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head"
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                            0 => "F&#46;A&#46; Petrigliano"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Clin Orthop Relat Res&#46;"
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                        "paginaFinal" => "62"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Prevalence of Nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head and its associated risk factors in the chinese population&#58; Results from a nationally representative survey"
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                          "etal" => true
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                            2 => "K&#46; Hu"
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                            4 => "L&#46; Yang"
                            5 => "B&#46;J&#46; Wang"
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                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "128"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2843"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2850"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Current concepts on osteonecrosis of the femoral head"
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Carta al Editor
Prevalencia de los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de necrosis avascular de cadera en un hospital de tercer nivel
Prevalence of risk factors for the development of avascular hip necrosis in a third-level hospital
Elena Cristina de Sautu de Borbón
Autor para correspondencia
edesautu@gmail.com

Autor para correspondencia.
, Montserrat Morales Conejo, Juan Manuel Guerra Vales
Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, España
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">La necrosis avascular de cadera &#40;NAC&#41; se caracteriza por la muerte de los osteocitos y de la m&#233;dula &#243;sea causada por un aporte inadecuado de riego sangu&#237;neo a la cabeza femoral<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Afecta com&#250;nmente a j&#243;venes adultos<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;5</span></a>&#44; estim&#225;ndose en Estados Unidos una incidencia de 10&#46;000 a 30&#46;000 casos cada a&#241;o&#44; con un 5-12&#37; de las artroplastias totales de cadera&#44; basadas en este diagn&#243;stico<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4&#44;6&#8211;8</span></a>&#46; A pesar de la identificaci&#243;n de numerosos factores de riesgo &#40;FR&#41;&#44; la etiolog&#237;a y la patogenia de la enfermedad permanecen inciertas&#46; Si bien existen algunas propuestas como la isquemia&#44; la toxicidad celular directa y la alteraci&#243;n en la diferenciaci&#243;n de las c&#233;lulas madre mesenquimales<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dada la repercusi&#243;n de esta enfermedad con un inicio insidioso&#44; sin claros s&#237;ntomas ni signos&#44; es necesario el conocimiento de aquellos FR que la favorecen para lograr la vigilancia de estos pacientes&#44; llegar a un diagn&#243;stico precoz y as&#237; establecer las medidas preventivas necesarias y las estrategias de tratamiento adecuadas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sobre esta base&#44; el objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de los distintos FR para la NAC en los pacientes ingresados en el Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre&#46; Se recogi&#243; retrospectivamente&#44; de enero del 2010 a diciembre del 2015&#44; a 129 pacientes con diagn&#243;stico de NAC&#59; la edad media &#177; desviaci&#243;n est&#225;ndar fue de 58&#44;35 &#177; 15&#44;32 a&#241;os&#44; con predominio de varones &#40;56&#44;6&#37;&#41;&#46; Los criterios diagn&#243;sticos para definir la presencia de NAC fueron principalmente los hallazgos en las pruebas de imagen&#46; El estudio fue aprobado por el comit&#233; &#233;tico de investigaci&#243;n cl&#237;nica del hospital&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Los FR m&#225;s prevalentes fueron el tabaquismo&#44; con 57 casos &#40;44&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; y la dislipidemia&#44; con 46 casos &#40;35&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; considerados como FR asociados&#46; Dentro de los FR con mayor carga etiol&#243;gica para el desarrollo de NAC&#44; los m&#225;s prevalentes fueron la corticoterapia&#44; con 37 casos &#40;28&#44;7&#37;&#41;&#44; el alcoholismo&#44; 26 casos &#40;20&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; y el traumatismo previo&#44; 20 casos &#40;15&#44;5&#37;&#41;&#46; De los 18 pacientes &#40;13&#44;9&#37;&#41; con enfermedad autoinmune&#47;inflamatoria&#44; 3 &#40;16&#44;7&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an lupus eritematoso sist&#233;mico&#46; Los 3 estaban tratados con corticoterapia y 2 de los 3 pacientes ten&#237;an anticuerpos antifosfol&#237;pidos positivos&#46; En este sentido&#44; Gontero et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> no encontraron diferencias en la dosis acumulada total&#44; diaria&#44; ni en la duraci&#243;n de tratamiento esteroideo o la presencia de anticuerpos antifosfol&#237;pidos&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">En 17 pacientes &#40;13&#44;2&#37;&#41; no se consigui&#243; identificar ning&#250;n FR &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">tabla 1</a>&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; hubo pacientes con varios FR&#44; con un c&#250;mulo de hasta 6 en un 1&#44;6&#37;&#44; siendo lo m&#225;s prevalente el tener 2 y 3 FR asociados con 32 casos &#40;24&#44;8&#37;&#41; y 27 casos &#40;20&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Se dividi&#243; la muestra en 2 grupos para ver las diferencias entre j&#243;venes y mayores&#44; marcando como punto de corte de forma aleatoria los 50 a&#241;os&#59; encontr&#225;ndose de forma estad&#237;sticamente significativa &#40;p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;006&#41; la ausencia de FR conocido en la poblaci&#243;n mayor de 50 a&#241;os&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De acuerdo con otros autores&#44; se trata de una enfermedad con un inicio paulatino sin s&#237;ntomas y signos espec&#237;ficos&#44; lo que lleva a un diagn&#243;stico tard&#237;o<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>&#46; Malizos et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> refieren que&#44; dados los numerosos factores asociados que se han descrito recientemente&#59; hoy en d&#237;a&#44; es menos frecuente clasificar la osteonecrosis como idiop&#225;tica&#46; Lo que concuerda con los resultados de nuestro estudio en el grupo de pacientes de 50 a&#241;os o menores &#40;2&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#44; asemej&#225;ndose la prevalencia de NAC idiop&#225;tica en mayores de 50 a&#241;os en nuestra serie &#40;19&#44;3&#37;&#41; a la descrita por otros autores &#40;20-25&#37;&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;8&#44;10</span></a>&#46; Si bien es cierto que&#44; al tratarse de un estudio retrospectivo&#44; tiene sus limitaciones&#46; Como por ejemplo&#44; la p&#233;rdida de informaci&#243;n por no hallarse descritos estos FR en la historia cl&#237;nica&#44; contribuyendo a aumentar el n&#250;mero de pacientes sin factores asociados&#46; 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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#62; 50 a&#241;os<br>&#40;N &#61; 83&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">p&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tabaquismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">57 &#40;44&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">24 &#40;52&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">33 &#40;39&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;198&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Dislipidemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">46 &#40;35&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;43&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;31&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;184&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Corticoterapia&#47;hipercortisolismo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37 &#40;28&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;37&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;24&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;155&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Alcoholismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">26 &#40;20&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;28&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;15&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Traumatismo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">20 &#40;15&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;8&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;19&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;133&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Enf&#46; autoinmune&#47;inflamatoria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18 &#40;13&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;17&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;12&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;434&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;10&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;6&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;12&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;377&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cirrosis hep&#225;tica&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13 &#40;10&#44;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;13&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;8&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;543&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Trasplante&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11 &#40;8&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;8&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7 &#40;8&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">VIH&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10 &#40;7&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;10&#44;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;327&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Quimioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9 &#40;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;13&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;3&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;068&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Trombofilia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8 &#40;6&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3 &#40;6&#44;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5 &#40;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Radioterapia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;8&#44;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;2&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;186&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fen&#243;meno proemb&#243;lico&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#44;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2 &#40;2&#44;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;538&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sd&#46; mieloproliferativo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;0&#44;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;1&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#44;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Desconocido&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;13&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1 &#40;2&#44;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">16 &#40;19&#44;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#44;006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "es" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Factores de riesgo para la necrosis avascular de cadera</p>"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Etiological clinical analysis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in Chinese patients"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "X&#46;S&#46; Wang"
                            1 => "Q&#46;Y&#46; Zhuang"
                            2 => "X&#46;S&#46; Weng"
                            3 => "J&#46; Lin"
                            4 => "J&#46; Jin"
                            5 => "W&#46;W&#46; Qian"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chin Med J&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "126"
                        "paginaInicial" => "290"
                        "paginaFinal" => "295"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23324279"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Osteonecrosis of the femoral head&#58; Etiology&#44; imaging and treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46;N&#46; Malizos"
                            1 => "A&#46;H&#46; Karantanas"
                            2 => "S&#46;E&#46; Varitimidis"
                            3 => "Z&#46;H&#46; Dailiana"
                            4 => "K&#46; Bargiotas"
                            5 => "T&#46; Maris"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.03.019"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Radiol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "63"
                        "paginaInicial" => "16"
                        "paginaFinal" => "28"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17555906"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Guideline for diagnostic and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "colaboracion" => "Joint Surgery Group of the Orthopaedic Branch of the Chinese Medical Association"
                          "etal" => false
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/os.12193"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Orthop Surg&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "200"
                        "paginaFinal" => "207"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26311093"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
              ]
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            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Osteonecrosis of the femoral head&#58; Evaluation and treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "C&#46;G&#46; Zalavras"
                            1 => "J&#46;R&#46; Lieberman"
                          ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.5435/JAAOS-22-07-455"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Am Acad Orthop Surg&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "paginaInicial" => "455"
                        "paginaFinal" => "464"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24966252"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head &#8212;from clinical to bench"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46;S&#46; Lee"
                            1 => "P&#46;H&#46; Hsieh"
                            2 => "C&#46;H&#46; Shih"
                            3 => "C&#46;J&#46; Wang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chang Gung Med J&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "33"
                        "paginaInicial" => "351"
                        "paginaFinal" => "360"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20804664"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Osteonecrosis of the hip&#58; Novel approaches to evaluation and treatment"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "F&#46;A&#46; Petrigliano"
                            1 => "J&#46;R&#46; Lieberman"
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ISSN: 1699258X
Idioma original: Español
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