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of cases&#46; Pyomyositis due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> is an unusual condition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pyomyositis usually begins with a very subtle clinical presentation thus being difficult to diagnose in early stages&#46; The initial symptoms are diffuse crampy pain and tenderness on the involved area&#44; usually followed by edema&#44; low-grade fever and leukocytosis depending on the underlying disease the patient may have&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Nowadays&#44; MRI is the most reliable study to make a diagnosis of pyomyositis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> First-line treatment consists of draining the abscess&#44; if any&#44; by surgery or percutaneous puncture guided by ultrasound or CT and intravenous antibiotic treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Herein we present a case of pyomyositis induced by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Clinical observation</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 19 year-old boy with severe idiopathic aplastic anemia diagnosed when he was 7 &#40;with history of bleeding and pulmonary infection&#44; treated with transfusions and antibiotics respectively&#44; and outstanding bone marrow transplant&#41; was admitted to the pediatric department after he came to the emergency department of our hospital presenting fever and a painful&#44; erithematous and indurated skin area located on the inner left thigh&#44; of 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of evolution&#46; The blood exam showed 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l leukocytes and C-reactive protein of 390<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL and axillary temperature was 37&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Empirical treatment with iv cefepime &#40;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;d&#41; and iv amikacin &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#41; was immediately started being changed four days later after blood cultures were positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&#46; According to the antibiogram&#44; treatment was changed to cefuroxime &#40;4&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#47;d&#41; and amikacin &#40;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;kg&#47;d&#41; during three weeks&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After three days of treatment&#44; the patient persisted with the same symptoms showing no improvement&#46; A soft tissue ultrasound reveled a dysfunctional muscle area in relation with the vastus medialis of quadriceps and the adductors muscles compatible with pyomyositis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; A MRI study confirmed the diagnosis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Consequently&#44; our department was consulted in order to consider surgical debridement&#46; Finally he was taken to surgery performing a complete debridement and drainage of the muscle injury&#46; Samples were collected and sent for microbiological study&#44; identifying an infection due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> as the causative agent&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After i&#46;v&#46; antibiotic treatment for 3 weeks and surgical debridement&#44; the patient recovered satisfactorily and there were no problems in the healing process or post-surgical infections around the surgical wound&#46; Leucocytes rose to 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span>&#47;l and C-reactive protein descended until 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#46; Nowadays&#44; the episode of pyomyositis is totally resolved&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Up to the date&#44; only 20 cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> pyomyositis have been reported&#44; most of them involving patients with different causes of immunodeficiencies such us AIDS and other hematologic malignancies related or not with previous chemotherapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;16</span></a> However&#44; this one is only the second patient with idiopathic severe aplastic anemia reported presenting pyomyositis due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When pyomyositis occurs in immunocompromised patients&#44; as in the case reported here&#44; we may have doubts about the convenience of surgical debridement because of fear of well known complications described in this type of patients such are postoperative local infections or healing problems around the surgical wound&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;19</span></a> However&#44; an early diagnosis&#44; surgical debridement with complete drainage of the purulent material&#44; together with antibiotic therapy&#44; eradicates the infection in most patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;21</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although an initial antibiotic therapy for pyomyositis should include a broad-spectrum agent with good <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S&#46; aureus</span> coverage &#40;can be modified based on antibiogram&#41;&#44; coverage of gram-negative as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span>&#44; is advised to be empirically included in the treatment of immunocompromised patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report a further case of pyomyositis due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> in an immunocompromised patient&#44; only the second one associated to severe idiopathic aplastic anemia&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pyomyositis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> is uncommon condition&#44; and very few cases have been reported&#44; most of them being severe immunodeficiency patients&#44; but we should know the existence of this entity and its management&#46; Although the pyomyositis is rare in our country&#44; should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with fever&#44; muscle pain and loss of function&#44; especially in relation to chronic debilitating diseases and in subjects performing intense muscular exercise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Despite being a rare cause&#44; we must include gram negative antibiotic for empirical therapy and surgical treatment&#44; whenever possible&#44; regardless of the fear of possible postoperative problems &#40;infection and&#47;or wound healing&#41; when dealing with immunocompromised patients&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work centre on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study have received sufficient information and have given their informed consent in writing to participate in that study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the informed consent of the patients and&#47;or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The author for correspondence is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Clinical observation"
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          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
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              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Protection of human and animal subjects"
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            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data"
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            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pyomyositis&#44; an acute bacterial infection of skeletal muscle&#44; is caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> or other gram-positive organisms in &#62;90&#37; of cases&#46; A 19-year-old boy with severe idiopathic aplastic anemia presented a pyomyositis of inner thigh muscles due to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> as a complication of his underlying disease&#46; The diagnosis was established by means of soft tissue ultrasound&#44; magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; and blood culture&#46; Surgical debridement and antibiotic treatment were performed&#46; Postoperative course was uneventful and pyomyositis was successfully resolved&#46; Pyomyositis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> is uncommon condition&#44; and very few cases have been reported&#44; most of them being severe immunodeficiency patients&#44; but we should know the existence of this entity and its management&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La piomiositis es una infecci&#243;n bacteriana aguda del m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico que es causada por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> u otros organismos gram positivos en &#62;90&#37; de los casos&#46; Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 19 a&#241;os de edad con anemia apl&#225;sica idiop&#225;tica severa quien present&#243; una piomiositis de los m&#250;sculos internos del muslo debido a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> como una complicaci&#243;n de su enfermedad de base&#46; El diagn&#243;stico se estableci&#243; por medio de ultrasonidos de tejido blando&#44; resonancia magn&#233;tica &#40;RM&#41; y hemocultivo&#46; Se llevaron a cabo desbridamiento quir&#250;rgico y tratamiento antibi&#243;tico&#46; El postoperatorio transcurri&#243; sin complicaciones y la piomiositis se resolvi&#243; con &#233;xito&#46; La piomiositis causada por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E&#46; coli</span> es una condici&#243;n poco com&#250;n&#44; y muy pocos casos han sido reportados&#44; la mayor&#237;a de ellos son pacientes con inmunodeficiencia grave&#44; pero debemos conocer la existencia de esta entidad y su tratamiento&#46;</p>"
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Vol. 10. Núm. 2.
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15379
Vol. 10. Núm. 2.
Páginas 122-124 (marzo - abril 2014)
Case report
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Pyomyositis of the inner thigh muscles due to Escherichia coli in a young patient with severe aplastic anemia
Piomiositis del muslo debida a Escherichia coli en un paciente joven con anemia aplásica
Visitas
15379
Angel Masferrer-Pinoa,
Autor para correspondencia
angel.masferrer@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Jose Maria Cavanilles-Walkera, Alejandro Olive-Marquesb
a Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract

Pyomyositis, an acute bacterial infection of skeletal muscle, is caused by Staphylococcus aureus or other gram-positive organisms in >90% of cases. A 19-year-old boy with severe idiopathic aplastic anemia presented a pyomyositis of inner thigh muscles due to Escherichia coli as a complication of his underlying disease. The diagnosis was established by means of soft tissue ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and blood culture. Surgical debridement and antibiotic treatment were performed. Postoperative course was uneventful and pyomyositis was successfully resolved. Pyomyositis caused by E. coli is uncommon condition, and very few cases have been reported, most of them being severe immunodeficiency patients, but we should know the existence of this entity and its management.

Keywords:
Pyomyositis
Escherichia coli
Aplastic anemia
Resumen

La piomiositis es una infección bacteriana aguda del músculo esquelético que es causada por Staphylococcus aureus u otros organismos gram positivos en >90% de los casos. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 19 años de edad con anemia aplásica idiopática severa quien presentó una piomiositis de los músculos internos del muslo debido a Escherichia coli como una complicación de su enfermedad de base. El diagnóstico se estableció por medio de ultrasonidos de tejido blando, resonancia magnética (RM) y hemocultivo. Se llevaron a cabo desbridamiento quirúrgico y tratamiento antibiótico. El postoperatorio transcurrió sin complicaciones y la piomiositis se resolvió con éxito. La piomiositis causada por E. coli es una condición poco común, y muy pocos casos han sido reportados, la mayoría de ellos son pacientes con inmunodeficiencia grave, pero debemos conocer la existencia de esta entidad y su tratamiento.

Palabras clave:
Piomiositis
Escherichia coli
Anemia aplásica
Texto completo
Introduction

Pyomyositis is an acute bacterial infection of skeletal muscle that can affect the general population in tropical climates or immunocompromised patients in general. Although it can occur at any age, it is more common in tropical climates affecting children 5–9 years and young adults, and in temperate climates, adults between 20 and 40 years. By gender ratio is 2–3/1 in favor of males. Its incidence is increasing in Western countries, especially in patients with chronic debilitating diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hematological diseases, connective and HIV infection. Staphylococcus aureus or other gram-positive organisms are the causative agents in more than 90% of cases. Pyomyositis due to Escherichia coli is an unusual condition.1,2

Pyomyositis usually begins with a very subtle clinical presentation thus being difficult to diagnose in early stages. The initial symptoms are diffuse crampy pain and tenderness on the involved area, usually followed by edema, low-grade fever and leukocytosis depending on the underlying disease the patient may have.2 Nowadays, MRI is the most reliable study to make a diagnosis of pyomyositis.3 First-line treatment consists of draining the abscess, if any, by surgery or percutaneous puncture guided by ultrasound or CT and intravenous antibiotic treatment.4 Herein we present a case of pyomyositis induced by E. coli.

Clinical observation

A 19 year-old boy with severe idiopathic aplastic anemia diagnosed when he was 7 (with history of bleeding and pulmonary infection, treated with transfusions and antibiotics respectively, and outstanding bone marrow transplant) was admitted to the pediatric department after he came to the emergency department of our hospital presenting fever and a painful, erithematous and indurated skin area located on the inner left thigh, of 48h of evolution. The blood exam showed 200×109/l leukocytes and C-reactive protein of 390mg/dL and axillary temperature was 37.5°C.

Empirical treatment with iv cefepime (6g/d) and iv amikacin (15mg/kg/d) was immediately started being changed four days later after blood cultures were positive for E. coli. According to the antibiogram, treatment was changed to cefuroxime (4.5g/d) and amikacin (15mg/kg/d) during three weeks.

After three days of treatment, the patient persisted with the same symptoms showing no improvement. A soft tissue ultrasound reveled a dysfunctional muscle area in relation with the vastus medialis of quadriceps and the adductors muscles compatible with pyomyositis (Fig. 1). A MRI study confirmed the diagnosis (Fig. 2). Consequently, our department was consulted in order to consider surgical debridement. Finally he was taken to surgery performing a complete debridement and drainage of the muscle injury. Samples were collected and sent for microbiological study, identifying an infection due to E. coli as the causative agent.

Fig. 1.

A soft tissue ultrasound revealed a dysfunctional muscle area in relation with the vastus medialis of quadriceps and the adductors muscles.

(0.1MB).
Fig. 2.

The MRI study revealed the suspected pyomyositis.

(0.1MB).

After i.v. antibiotic treatment for 3 weeks and surgical debridement, the patient recovered satisfactorily and there were no problems in the healing process or post-surgical infections around the surgical wound. Leucocytes rose to 600×109/l and C-reactive protein descended until 140mg/dL. Nowadays, the episode of pyomyositis is totally resolved.

Discussion

Up to the date, only 20 cases of E. coli pyomyositis have been reported, most of them involving patients with different causes of immunodeficiencies such us AIDS and other hematologic malignancies related or not with previous chemotherapy.5–16 However, this one is only the second patient with idiopathic severe aplastic anemia reported presenting pyomyositis due to E. coli.

When pyomyositis occurs in immunocompromised patients, as in the case reported here, we may have doubts about the convenience of surgical debridement because of fear of well known complications described in this type of patients such are postoperative local infections or healing problems around the surgical wound.17–19 However, an early diagnosis, surgical debridement with complete drainage of the purulent material, together with antibiotic therapy, eradicates the infection in most patients.20,21

Although an initial antibiotic therapy for pyomyositis should include a broad-spectrum agent with good S. aureus coverage (can be modified based on antibiogram), coverage of gram-negative as E. coli, is advised to be empirically included in the treatment of immunocompromised patients.2

We report a further case of pyomyositis due to E. coli in an immunocompromised patient, only the second one associated to severe idiopathic aplastic anemia.

Conclusions

Pyomyositis caused by E. coli is uncommon condition, and very few cases have been reported, most of them being severe immunodeficiency patients, but we should know the existence of this entity and its management. Although the pyomyositis is rare in our country, should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with fever, muscle pain and loss of function, especially in relation to chronic debilitating diseases and in subjects performing intense muscular exercise.22 Despite being a rare cause, we must include gram negative antibiotic for empirical therapy and surgical treatment, whenever possible, regardless of the fear of possible postoperative problems (infection and/or wound healing) when dealing with immunocompromised patients.

Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjects

The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation.

Confidentiality of data

The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work centre on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study have received sufficient information and have given their informed consent in writing to participate in that study.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors have obtained the informed consent of the patients and/or subjects mentioned in the article. The author for correspondence is in possession of this document.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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