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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acromegaly is a rare endocrinopathy caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone &#40;GH&#41;&#46; Acromegalic arthropathy&#44; is a common complication&#44; responsible for important morbility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> At the beginning&#44; GH and IGF-1 levels induce cartilage and soft tissue hypertrophy &#40;ligaments&#44; tendons&#44; nerves&#44; sub-cutaneous fat&#41; that is documented with conventional radiographs as joint space widening&#46; Later on&#44; as the disease evolves&#44; distal tufting of the phalanges&#44; narrowing of joint spaces and osteophytosis develop&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Common peri-articular regional disorders are carpal tunnel syndrome&#44; enthesopathy and trigger fingers&#46; In addition&#44; rheumatoid arthritis is more prevalent then in general population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ultrasound &#40;US&#41; can identify sub-clinical synovitis&#44; enthesopathy&#44; tendon lesions and osteophytes but its role in this rare syndrome has not been sufficiently studied&#46; Herein we report the radiographic and US images &#40;using a General Electric Logiq9 ultrasound machine and multifrequency linear array transducers 9&#8211;18<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz&#41; of a 41-year-old woman with longstanding acromegaly complaining of mechanical symmetric metacarpophalangeal &#40;MCP&#41;&#44; knee&#44; and heel pain as well as bilateral paraesthesia in 1&#8211;3 fingers&#46; Musculoskeletal examination revealed diffuse thickening of soft tissue&#44; acral enlargement &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; knee crepitus&#44; positive Phalen and tinel signs and pain in right heel footpad&#46; US examination detected cartilage thickening&#44; median nerve enlargement&#44; osteophytes and foot-pad thickness but not synovitis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs&#46; 2&#8211;5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; conventional X-rays lack sensitivity in cartilage and soft tissue evaluation&#46; US helped in evaluation of this patient as it showed cartilage thickening&#44; median nerve enlargement&#44; osteophytes&#44; foot-pad thickness and excluded tendon lesion&#44; enthesitis and synovitis&#46; Although more studies are needed&#44; ultrasound seems to be useful in the clinical setting of the acromegalic patients identifying articular and periarticular abnormalities&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Ethical Disclosures</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The corresponding author is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Funding</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received in this work&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflicts of Interests</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Vol. 14. Núm. 4.
Páginas 236-238 (julio - agosto 2018)
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Vol. 14. Núm. 4.
Páginas 236-238 (julio - agosto 2018)
Images in Clinical Rheumatology
Acceso a texto completo
Ultrasound and Radiographic Abnormalities in a Patient With Chronic Severe Acromegaly
Los hallazgos ecográficos y radiográficos en una paciente con acromegalia crónica severa
Visitas
7473
Rita Fonsecaa,
Autor para correspondencia
anaritapfonseca@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Alberto Fernández-Martínezb, Roberto Miguélezc, Jacqueline Usonc
a Rheumatology Department, São João Hospital, Oporto, Portugal
b Endocrinology Department, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
c Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Acromegaly is a rare endocrinopathy caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH). Acromegalic arthropathy, is a common complication, responsible for important morbility.1 At the beginning, GH and IGF-1 levels induce cartilage and soft tissue hypertrophy (ligaments, tendons, nerves, sub-cutaneous fat) that is documented with conventional radiographs as joint space widening. Later on, as the disease evolves, distal tufting of the phalanges, narrowing of joint spaces and osteophytosis develop.1 Common peri-articular regional disorders are carpal tunnel syndrome, enthesopathy and trigger fingers. In addition, rheumatoid arthritis is more prevalent then in general population.1

Ultrasound (US) can identify sub-clinical synovitis, enthesopathy, tendon lesions and osteophytes but its role in this rare syndrome has not been sufficiently studied. Herein we report the radiographic and US images (using a General Electric Logiq9 ultrasound machine and multifrequency linear array transducers 9–18MHz) of a 41-year-old woman with longstanding acromegaly complaining of mechanical symmetric metacarpophalangeal (MCP), knee, and heel pain as well as bilateral paraesthesia in 1–3 fingers. Musculoskeletal examination revealed diffuse thickening of soft tissue, acral enlargement (Fig. 1), knee crepitus, positive Phalen and tinel signs and pain in right heel footpad. US examination detected cartilage thickening, median nerve enlargement, osteophytes and foot-pad thickness but not synovitis (Figs. 2–5).

Fig. 1.

(A and B) Diffuse thickening of soft tissue and acral enlargement of both hands and feet.

(0.2MB).
Fig. 2.

(A) PA conventional X-ray of hands showing diffuse soft tissue hypertrophy, acral enlargement and joint space widening. (B and C) Ultrasound longitudinal image of the second and fourth MCP joints in maximal flexion shows increased anechogenic cartilage thickness (normal 0.02–0.05cm).2 Mcp, metacarpophalangeal joints; mc, metacarpal head; P, proximal phalanx base; T, extensor tendon; * cartilage.

(0.12MB).
Fig. 3.

Ultrasound transverse (A) and longitudinal (B) image of the enlarged fascicular pattern of median nerve of right hand, area: 22mm2 (normal less than 12mm2).3 Power Doppler signal was absent. C, capitate; FT, flexor tendons; M, median nerve; R, flexor retinaculum; L, lunate.

(0.09MB).
Fig. 4.

(A) PA conventional standing knees X-ray showing joint space widening. (B) Transverse ultrasound image of the knee cartilage in maximal flexion illustrates increased anechogenic cartilage (normal 0.25–0.3cm).4 (C) Longitudinal ultrasound image of medial compartment of the right knee depicts small hyperechogenic articular femoral and tibial bony margins set-ups that represents osteophytes, poorly visualized in the X-ray. C, cartilage; LC, lateral condyle; MC, medial condyle; F, suprapatellar fat pad; Fe, femur; T, tibia; Mm, medial meniscus; L, Medial collateral ligament; * osteophytes.

(0.11MB).
Fig. 5.

(A) Lateral right foot X-ray showing increased heel fat pad. (B) Longitudinal ultrasound image showing homogeneous Aquiles tendon and enthesis. (C) Longitudinal ultrasound image of plantar fascia insertion that shows homogeneous non thickened fascia and increased fat pad: 1.4cm (normal <0.39mm).5 F, Kager's fat; C, calcaneous; At, aquilles tendon; Sc, subcutaneous tissue; Fp, heel fat pad; F, plantar fascia; m, muscle.

(0.11MB).

In conclusion, conventional X-rays lack sensitivity in cartilage and soft tissue evaluation. US helped in evaluation of this patient as it showed cartilage thickening, median nerve enlargement, osteophytes, foot-pad thickness and excluded tendon lesion, enthesitis and synovitis. Although more studies are needed, ultrasound seems to be useful in the clinical setting of the acromegalic patients identifying articular and periarticular abnormalities.

Ethical DisclosuresProtection of human and animal subjects

The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.

Confidentiality of data

The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.

Funding

No funding was received in this work.

Conflicts of Interests

No conflicts of interest to declare.

Acknowledgements

Rheumatology Department of Hospital Universitario de Móstoles.

References
[1]
Z. Killinger, J. Payer, I. Lazúrová, R. Imrich, Z. Homérová, M. Kuzma, et al.
Arthropathy in acromegaly.
Rheum Dis Clin N Am, 36 (2010), pp. 713-720
[2]
R.J. Wakefield, P.V. Balint, M. Szudlarek, E. Filippucci, M. Backhaus, M.A. D’Agostino, et al.
Musculoskeletal ultrasound including definitions for ultrasonographic pathology.
J Rheumatol, 32 (2005), pp. 2485-2487
[3]
A.S. Klauser, E.J. Halpern, T. de Zordo, G.M. Feuchtner, R. Arora, J. Gruber, et al.
Carpal tunnel syndrome assessment with US: value of additional cross-sectional area measurements of the median nerve in patients versus healthy volunteers.
Radiology, 250 (2009), pp. 171-177
[4]
A. Iagnocco, G. Coari, A. Zoppini.
Sonographic evaluation of femoral condylar cartilage in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Scand J Rheumatol, 21 (1992), pp. 201-203
[5]
M. Uzel, E. Cetinus, E. Bilgic, H. Ekerbicer, A. Karaoguz.
Comparison of ultrasonography and radiography in assessment of the heel pad compressibility index of patients with plantar heel pain syndrome. Measurement of the fat pad in plantar heel pain syndrome.
Joint Bone Spine, 73 (2006), pp. 196-199
Copyright © 2017. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología
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