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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Plain X-ray of the left carpus corresponding to case 3 which shows marked sclerosis of the lunate bone &#40;A&#44; arrow&#41;&#46; MR of the right carpus &#40;T1 sequence&#41; corresponding to case 2&#44; which shows hypointensity signals in the lunate bone &#40;B&#44; arrow&#41;&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Osteonecrosis &#40;ON&#41; is a relatively common complication in systemic autoimmune diseases&#44; including that of systemic sclerosis &#40;SS&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> where multiple factors are involved&#44; including hypergoagulability stages &#40;which include antiphospholipid syndrome&#41; and prior therapy with glucocorticoids&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Cases and short series of ON with the lunate&#44; also called Kienb&#246;ck&#39;s disease&#44; have been reported&#44; in patients with SS&#44; which would appear to suggest that this location of ON is frequent in this disease&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present our department&#39;s experience relating to ON of the lunate associated with systemic sclerosis&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We carried out a retrospective review of 115 cases of monographic consultation of SS in our centre and identified 4 patients who had developed ON of the lunate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Mean patient age was 59&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;6 years&#44; and all patients were females&#46; Two of the cases corresponded to limited cutaneous SS and 2 to diffuse cutaneous SS&#46; None of the cases presented with antiphospholipid antibodies nor had any previous thrombotic events&#46; The mean course of the disease was 13&#46;5 years &#40;range&#58; 7&#8211;17 years&#41;&#46; One patient was an ex-smoker and none of the patients had alcohol habits&#46; It is of note that all of the patients had serious vascular compromise &#40;Raynaud phenomenon &#91;RP&#93; with digital ulcers&#44; treated with endothelin antagonists and intravenous infusion of prostaglandins&#44; and one case presented with critical digital ischaemia&#41;&#59; all of the patients had calcinosis in their upper extremities&#44; in addition to joint &#40;2&#41;&#44; lung &#40;2&#41; and gut &#40;4&#41; involvement&#46; They had all received prolonged treatment with glucocorticoids at low doses &#40;5&#8211;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;day prednisone&#41; prior to the diagnosis of ON&#46; Presentation of ON of the lunate was unilateral in 3 cases and bilateral in 1&#44; which in one case required surgery &#40;proximal carpectomy&#41;&#46; The patients stated they mainly suffered from mechanical pain&#44; of insidious onset and progressive in nature&#44; of several months duration in the affected joint&#46; Diagnosis was confirmed by plain X-ray&#44; bone scan and&#47;or magnetic resonance &#40;MR&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; In one case MR showed extensive synovitis in the carpus and in another the collapse of the lunate with displaced fragment and major bone oedema&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our review of the medical literature &#40;Pubmed&#41; we found 15 published cases of ON of the lunate in patients with SS&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;7</span></a> The majority were women &#40;73&#37;&#41;&#44; all with a history of RP&#44; 10 of them had digital ulcers and in 3 there was Doppler ultrasound &#40;DUS&#41; detection of occlusion of the ulnar artery&#46; The location of the ON of the lunate was unilateral in 60&#37; of cases&#46; In under 50&#37; there had been a background of therapy with glucocorticoids&#46; Surgery had been performed in 20&#37; of cases&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An important factor which may impact the development of ON of the lunate in SS is the severity of the arterial vasculopathy&#46; Vascularisation of the lunate bone is inconstant and depends on the branches of the ulnar artery&#44; the anterior interosseous artery and the radial artery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Occlusion of the ulnar artery is a relatively common finding in patients with SS&#44; and is detected in up to 21&#46;5&#37; of cases by DUS&#46; It is bilateral in the majority of cases and is correlated to the appearance of digital ulcers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> It has been suggested that RP could also affect the carpus and in particular the lunate bone&#44; leading to bony ischaemia during episodes and increasing the risk of developing ON&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> This has been corroborated by the fact that&#44; both in our series and in the literature&#44; it is rare for these patients to have other standard risk factors for ON of the lunate&#44; such as traumas and that&#44; despite treatment received with glucocorticoids they do not develop ON in other more common locations such as the hip&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To conclude&#44; ON of the lunate appears to be a relatively common complication of SS&#44; the cause of which could be linked to underlying vasculopathy to this condition and to the anatomical peculiarities of lunate bone blood supply&#46; As a result&#44; this entity should be considered in patients with SS who have pain and&#47;or limitation in the carpi which could be erroneously interpreted as arthritis since in some cases it may also present with associated inflammatory symptoms&#46;</p></span>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AAC&#58; anticentromere antibodies&#59; ANA&#58; antinuclear antibodies&#59; ATA-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>&#58; anti topoisomerase I antibodies&#59; SS&#58; systemic sclerosis&#59; GC&#58; glucocorticoids&#59; ON&#58; osteonecrosis&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Case 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Autoantibodies&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ANA &#40;1&#47;320&#41;ATA-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>Anti-cardiolipin &#40;&#8722;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ANA &#40;1&#47;640&#41;AACAnti-cardiolipin &#40;&#8722;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ANA &#40;1&#47;640&#41;ATA-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>Anti-cardiolipin &#40;&#8722;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ANA &#40;1&#47;320&#41;ATA-<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">I</span>Anti-cardiolipin &#40;&#8722;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SS subtype&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Limited cutaneous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diffuse cutaneous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diffuse cutaneous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Limited cutaneous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Course disease duration&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 years&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Raynaud phenomnon&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Present&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Present&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Present&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Present&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Digital ulcers&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Present&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Present&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Present&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Present&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Concomitant arthritis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Present&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Absent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Present&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Absent&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Visceral compromise&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Digestive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Digestive&#44; lung&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Digestive&#44; lung&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Digestive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Does of GC&#47;day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prednisone 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prednisone 10&#8211;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prednisone 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prednisone 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Concomitant treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Metotrexate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Azatioprin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Rituximab&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">None&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Location of ON of the lunate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Bilateral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">ON treatment&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Conservative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Conservative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Surgical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Conservative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2151629.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Features of Osteonecrosis of the Lunate Cases in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis in Our Centre&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:9 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Epidemiology of systemic sclerosis&#58; incidence&#44; prevalence&#44; survival&#44; risk factors&#44; malignancy&#44; and environmental triggers"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Barnes"
                            1 => "M&#46;D&#46; Mayes"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
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Journal Information
Vol. 15. Issue 5.
Pages e70-e71 (September - October 2019)
Vol. 15. Issue 5.
Pages e70-e71 (September - October 2019)
Letter to the Editor
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Osteonecrosis of the Lunate Associated With Systemic Sclerosis: Report of 4 Cases
Osteonecrosis del semilunar asociada con esclerosis sistémica. Presentación de 4 casos
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Sixto Zegarra-Mondragón
Corresponding author
hazdehis_175@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, María Llop-Vilaltella, Walter Alberto Sifuentes-Giraldo, Carlos de la Puente Bujidos
Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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Table 1. Features of Osteonecrosis of the Lunate Cases in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis in Our Centre.
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Dear Editor,

Osteonecrosis (ON) is a relatively common complication in systemic autoimmune diseases, including that of systemic sclerosis (SS),1 where multiple factors are involved, including hypergoagulability stages (which include antiphospholipid syndrome) and prior therapy with glucocorticoids.2 Cases and short series of ON with the lunate, also called Kienböck's disease, have been reported, in patients with SS, which would appear to suggest that this location of ON is frequent in this disease.

We present our department's experience relating to ON of the lunate associated with systemic sclerosis.

We carried out a retrospective review of 115 cases of monographic consultation of SS in our centre and identified 4 patients who had developed ON of the lunate (Table 1). Mean patient age was 59.5±12.6 years, and all patients were females. Two of the cases corresponded to limited cutaneous SS and 2 to diffuse cutaneous SS. None of the cases presented with antiphospholipid antibodies nor had any previous thrombotic events. The mean course of the disease was 13.5 years (range: 7–17 years). One patient was an ex-smoker and none of the patients had alcohol habits. It is of note that all of the patients had serious vascular compromise (Raynaud phenomenon [RP] with digital ulcers, treated with endothelin antagonists and intravenous infusion of prostaglandins, and one case presented with critical digital ischaemia); all of the patients had calcinosis in their upper extremities, in addition to joint (2), lung (2) and gut (4) involvement. They had all received prolonged treatment with glucocorticoids at low doses (5–10mg/day prednisone) prior to the diagnosis of ON. Presentation of ON of the lunate was unilateral in 3 cases and bilateral in 1, which in one case required surgery (proximal carpectomy). The patients stated they mainly suffered from mechanical pain, of insidious onset and progressive in nature, of several months duration in the affected joint. Diagnosis was confirmed by plain X-ray, bone scan and/or magnetic resonance (MR) (Fig. 1). In one case MR showed extensive synovitis in the carpus and in another the collapse of the lunate with displaced fragment and major bone oedema.

Table 1.

Features of Osteonecrosis of the Lunate Cases in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis in Our Centre.

  Case 1  Case 2  Case 3  Case 4 
Gender  Female  Female  Female  Female 
Autoantibodies  ANA (1/320)ATA-IAnti-cardiolipin (−)  ANA (1/640)AACAnti-cardiolipin (−)  ANA (1/640)ATA-IAnti-cardiolipin (−)  ANA (1/320)ATA-IAnti-cardiolipin (−) 
SS subtype  Limited cutaneous  Diffuse cutaneous  Diffuse cutaneous  Limited cutaneous 
Course disease duration  17 years  13 years  7 years  17 years 
Raynaud phenomnon  Present  Present  Present  Present 
Digital ulcers  Present  Present  Present  Present 
Concomitant arthritis  Present  Absent  Present  Absent 
Visceral compromise  Digestive  Digestive, lung  Digestive, lung  Digestive 
Does of GC/day  Prednisone 10mg  Prednisone 10–15mg  Prednisone 5mg  Prednisone 5mg 
Concomitant treatment  Metotrexate  Azatioprin  Rituximab  None 
Location of ON of the lunate  Right  Bilateral  Right  Right 
ON treatment  Conservative  Conservative  Surgical  Conservative 

AAC: anticentromere antibodies; ANA: antinuclear antibodies; ATA-I: anti topoisomerase I antibodies; SS: systemic sclerosis; GC: glucocorticoids; ON: osteonecrosis.

Fig. 1.

Plain X-ray of the left carpus corresponding to case 3 which shows marked sclerosis of the lunate bone (A, arrow). MR of the right carpus (T1 sequence) corresponding to case 2, which shows hypointensity signals in the lunate bone (B, arrow).

(0.09MB).

In our review of the medical literature (Pubmed) we found 15 published cases of ON of the lunate in patients with SS.3–7 The majority were women (73%), all with a history of RP, 10 of them had digital ulcers and in 3 there was Doppler ultrasound (DUS) detection of occlusion of the ulnar artery. The location of the ON of the lunate was unilateral in 60% of cases. In under 50% there had been a background of therapy with glucocorticoids. Surgery had been performed in 20% of cases.

An important factor which may impact the development of ON of the lunate in SS is the severity of the arterial vasculopathy. Vascularisation of the lunate bone is inconstant and depends on the branches of the ulnar artery, the anterior interosseous artery and the radial artery.8 Occlusion of the ulnar artery is a relatively common finding in patients with SS, and is detected in up to 21.5% of cases by DUS. It is bilateral in the majority of cases and is correlated to the appearance of digital ulcers.9 It has been suggested that RP could also affect the carpus and in particular the lunate bone, leading to bony ischaemia during episodes and increasing the risk of developing ON.7 This has been corroborated by the fact that, both in our series and in the literature, it is rare for these patients to have other standard risk factors for ON of the lunate, such as traumas and that, despite treatment received with glucocorticoids they do not develop ON in other more common locations such as the hip.

To conclude, ON of the lunate appears to be a relatively common complication of SS, the cause of which could be linked to underlying vasculopathy to this condition and to the anatomical peculiarities of lunate bone blood supply. As a result, this entity should be considered in patients with SS who have pain and/or limitation in the carpi which could be erroneously interpreted as arthritis since in some cases it may also present with associated inflammatory symptoms.

References
[1]
J. Barnes, M.D. Mayes.
Epidemiology of systemic sclerosis: incidence, prevalence, survival, risk factors, malignancy, and environmental triggers.
Curr Opin Rheumatol, 24 (2012), pp. 165-170
[2]
D.L. Kamen, J.D. Alele.
Skeletal manifestations of systemic autoimmune diseases.
Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 17 (2010), pp. 540-545
[3]
B. Agus.
Bilateral aseptic necrosis of the lunate in systemic sclerosis.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 5 (1987), pp. 155-157
[4]
C. Rennie, J. Britton, P. Prouse.
Bilateral avascular necrosis of the lunate in a patient with severe Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma.
J Clin Rheumatol, 5 (1999), pp. 165-168
[5]
A.K. Matsumoto, R. Moore, P. Alli, F.M. Wigley.
Three cases of osteonecrosis of the lunate bone of the wrist in scleroderma.
Clin Exp Rheumatol, 17 (1999), pp. 730-732
[6]
R. Schmitt, K. Kalb.
Bildgebende diagnostik der lunatumnekrose.
Handchir Mikrochir Plast Chir, 42 (2010), pp. 162-170
[7]
M. Frerix, K. Kröger, G. Szalay, U. Müller-Ladner, I.H. Tarner.
Is osteonecrosis of the lunate bone an underestimated feature of systemic sclerosis? A case series of nine patients and review of literature.
Semin Arthritis Rheum, 45 (2016), pp. 446-454
[8]
R.H. Gelberman, T.D. Bauman, J. Menon, W.H. Akeson.
The vascularity of the lunate bone and Kienböck's disease.
J Hand Surg Am, 5 (1980), pp. 272-278
[9]
M. Frerix, J. Stegbauer, D. Dragun, A. Kreuter, S.M. Weiner.
Ulnar artery occlusion is predictive of digital ulcers in SSc: a duplex sonography study.
Rheumatology (Oxford), 51 (2012), pp. 735-742

Please cite this article as: Zegarra-Mondragón S, Llop-Vilaltella M, Sifuentes-Giraldo WA, de la Puente Bujidos C. Osteonecrosis del semilunar asociada con esclerosis sistémica. Presentación de 4 casos. Reumatol Clin. 2019;15:e70–e71.

Copyright © 2017. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología
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