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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kidney damage occurs in more than half of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus &#40;SLE&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The glomerular filtration rate &#40;GFR&#41; is the most important marker of renal function and crucial for diagnosis&#44; stratification and response to treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The ideal marker of GFR should be constantly produced&#44; be freely filtered&#44; not reabsorbed or secreted by the renal tubules or metabolized or eliminated by extrarenal mechanisms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Inulin meets these characteristics&#44; however&#44; the measurement of GFR by this method is very complex&#44; expensive and difficult to perform&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The surrogate marker employed is endogenous creatinine&#44; which does not complete the requirements of an ideal marker because it is subjected to tubular secretion as well as being influenced by the muscle mass of the patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Cystatin C is a protein produced by all nucleated cells&#44; freely filtered by the glomerulus&#44; not returned to the bloodstream and not secreted by the renal tubules&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;4</span></a> The above features make it a better marker of renal function than creatinine&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> however&#44; we recognize that there are different factors influencing the levels of cystatin C to be taken into account when performing this test&#44; such as levels of C reactive protein&#44; smoking&#44; obesity&#44; gender&#44; glucocorticoids&#44; age and diabetes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> Based on the above&#44; this test could be useful to assess renal function in patients with lupus nephritis &#40;LN&#41; in whom various factors associated with both disease &#40;lupus&#41; and the drugs used could modify the levels of cystatin C&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> We included 60 consecutive patients with SLE in the order in which the blood sample was taken to determine levels of creatinine &#40;creatinine standardized by the Roche enzymatic method&#41; and cystatin C &#40;immunonephelometric test particles&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the mean&#177;standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; of the data evaluated in patients&#44; as well as the correlation &#40;Pearson&#39;s rho&#41; that existed between cystatin C and the different factors&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We included 5 pediatric patients and 55 &#40;91&#46;7&#37;&#41; were women&#44; 63&#46;3&#37; used prednisone at the time of determination&#44; 36&#46;7&#37; azathioprine&#44; 28&#46;3&#37; mycophenolate mofetil&#44; 53&#46;3&#37; methotrexate&#44; 58&#46;3&#37; chloroquine and 73&#46;3&#37; statins&#46; The correlations that showed statistical significance were creatinine and creatinine clearance&#46; The importance of negative results &#40;no correlation&#41; implies that cystatin C may be a good marker of renal function in patients with lupus nephritis&#44; since factors such as disease activity or use of drugs such as glucocorticoids do not modify the renal levels of this marker&#46; On the other hand&#44; it is necessary that studies determine the best equation to determine GFR in patients with LN&#44; as there are different equations for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease&#44; but not for rheumatic disease&#44; which have different implications for renal<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> damage<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>&#46; Another important point to consider when estimating renal function is the cost of the test in our country &#40;Mexico&#41;&#44; which is on average &#36;30 &#40;U&#46;S&#46;&#41;&#44; a cost 2&#46;5 times greater than creatinine clearance and 8&#46;5 times the creatinine determination only&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Financing</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was partially funded by the Mexican College of Rheumatology with 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>000 pesos &#40;2500 U&#46;S&#46; dollars approximately&#41;&#46;</p></span></span>"
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Journal Information
Vol. 8. Issue 3.
Pages 158-159 (May - June 2012)
Vol. 8. Issue 3.
Pages 158-159 (May - June 2012)
Letter to the Editor
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Serum Cystatin C as a Marker of Renal Function in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Cistatina C sérica como marcador de función renal en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico
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Marco Ulises Martínez-Martínez, Carlos Abud-Mendoza
Corresponding author
c_abud@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
Unidad de Investigaciones Reumatológicas, Hospital Central, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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Table 1. Characteristics of 60 Evaluated Patients.
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Kidney damage occurs in more than half of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).1 The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the most important marker of renal function and crucial for diagnosis, stratification and response to treatment.2 The ideal marker of GFR should be constantly produced, be freely filtered, not reabsorbed or secreted by the renal tubules or metabolized or eliminated by extrarenal mechanisms.2 Inulin meets these characteristics, however, the measurement of GFR by this method is very complex, expensive and difficult to perform.3 The surrogate marker employed is endogenous creatinine, which does not complete the requirements of an ideal marker because it is subjected to tubular secretion as well as being influenced by the muscle mass of the patient.2 Cystatin C is a protein produced by all nucleated cells, freely filtered by the glomerulus, not returned to the bloodstream and not secreted by the renal tubules.2,4 The above features make it a better marker of renal function than creatinine,5 however, we recognize that there are different factors influencing the levels of cystatin C to be taken into account when performing this test, such as levels of C reactive protein, smoking, obesity, gender, glucocorticoids, age and diabetes.6,7 Based on the above, this test could be useful to assess renal function in patients with lupus nephritis (LN) in whom various factors associated with both disease (lupus) and the drugs used could modify the levels of cystatin C.8 We included 60 consecutive patients with SLE in the order in which the blood sample was taken to determine levels of creatinine (creatinine standardized by the Roche enzymatic method) and cystatin C (immunonephelometric test particles). Table 1 shows the mean±standard deviation (SD) of the data evaluated in patients, as well as the correlation (Pearson's rho) that existed between cystatin C and the different factors.

Table 1.

Characteristics of 60 Evaluated Patients.

  Mean±SD  Correlation (r
Cistatin C  1.16±1.0  NA 
Age, years  36.8±15.1  –0.172 
Time since onset of SLE, months  85.3±84.6  0.107 
MEX-SLEDAI  2.9±3.0  0.237 
SCr, mg/dl  1.1±1.5  0.778* 
Prednisone, mg/d  8.2±8.8  0.049 
Azathioprin, mg/d  32.5±45.5  0.152 
Mycophenolate mofetil, mg/d  353.8±630.6  0.239 
Methotrexate, mg/week  6.7±6.4  –0.224 
Cloroquine, mg/week  562.5±455.2  –0.182 
CrC  76.9±27.2  –0.649* 

SD, standard deviation; SCr, serum creatinine; CrC, creatinine clearance; MEX-SLEDAI, Mexican Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index.

*

P<.05.

We included 5 pediatric patients and 55 (91.7%) were women, 63.3% used prednisone at the time of determination, 36.7% azathioprine, 28.3% mycophenolate mofetil, 53.3% methotrexate, 58.3% chloroquine and 73.3% statins. The correlations that showed statistical significance were creatinine and creatinine clearance. The importance of negative results (no correlation) implies that cystatin C may be a good marker of renal function in patients with lupus nephritis, since factors such as disease activity or use of drugs such as glucocorticoids do not modify the renal levels of this marker. On the other hand, it is necessary that studies determine the best equation to determine GFR in patients with LN, as there are different equations for patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease, but not for rheumatic disease, which have different implications for renal9 damage10. Another important point to consider when estimating renal function is the cost of the test in our country (Mexico), which is on average $30 (U.S.), a cost 2.5 times greater than creatinine clearance and 8.5 times the creatinine determination only.

Financing

This study was partially funded by the Mexican College of Rheumatology with 35000 pesos (2500 U.S. dollars approximately).

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Please cite this article as: Martínez-Martínez MU, Abud-Mendoza C. Cistatina C sérica como marcador de función renal en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Reumatol Clin. 2012;8:158–61.

Copyright © 2011. Elsevier España, S.L.. All rights reserved
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