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Vol. 19. Núm. 2.
Páginas 67-73 (febrero 2023)
Original article
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Does post-COVID reactive arthritis exist? Experience of a tertiary care centre with a review of the literature
¿Existe la artritis reactiva post-COVID?: experiencia de un centro de tercer nivel de atención con revisión de la literatura
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Atanu Pala,1, Rashmi Roongtab,1, Sumantro Mondalb, Debanjali Sinhac, Pradyot Sinhamahapatrab, Alakendu Ghoshb, Arghya Chattopadhyayb,
Autor para correspondencia
dr.a.chattopadhyay@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
a Department of Nephrology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
b Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
c Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
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Abstract
Background

Rheumatological manifestations following COVID-19 are various, including Reactive Arthritis (ReA), which is a form of asymmetric oligoarthritis mainly involving the lower limbs, with or without extra-articular features. The current case series describes the clinical profile and treatment outcome of 23 patients with post-COVID-19 ReA.

Methods

A retrospective, observational study of patients with post-COVID-19 arthritis over one year was conducted at a tertiary care centre in India. Patients (n=23) with either a positive polymerase chain reaction test for SARS-CoV2 or an anti-COVID-19 antibody test were included. Available demographic details, musculoskeletal symptoms, inflammatory markers, and treatment given were documented.

Results

Sixteen out of 23 patients were female. The mean age of the patients was 42.8 years. Nineteen patients had had symptomatic COVID-19 infection in the past. The duration between onset of COVID-19 symptoms and arthritis ranged from 5 to 52 days with a mean of 25.9 days. The knee was the most involved joint (16 out of 23 cases). Seven patients had inflammatory lower back pain and nine had enthesitis. Most patients were treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids – either depot injection or a short oral course. Three patients required treatment with hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate which were eventually stopped. No relapse was reported in any of the patients.

Conclusion

On combining our data with 21 other case reports of ReA, a lower limb predominant, oligoarticular, asymmetric pattern of arthritis was seen with a female preponderance. The mean number of joints involved was 2.8. Axial symptoms and enthesitis were often coexistent. Treatment with NSAIDs and intra-articular steroids was effective. However, whether COVID-19 was the definitive aetiology of the arthritis is yet to be proven.

Keywords:
COVID-19 reactive arthritis
Post COVID-19 arthritis
Post COVID-19 ReA
Resumen
Antecedentes

Las manifestaciones reumatológicas posteriores al COVID-19 son diversas, entre ellas, la artritis reactiva, que es una forma de oligoartritis asimétrica que afecta principalmente a los miembros inferiores, con o sin características extraarticulares. La serie de casos actual describe el perfil clínico y el resultado del tratamiento de 23 pacientes con artritis reactiva posterior a COVID-19.

Métodos

Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo de pacientes con artritis post-COVID-19 durante un año en un centro de atención terciaria en India. Se incluyeron pacientes (n=23) con una prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa positiva para SARS-CoV-2 o una prueba de anticuerpos anti-COVID-19. Se documentaron los detalles demográficos disponibles, los síntomas musculoesqueléticos, los marcadores inflamatorios y el tratamiento administrado.

Resultados

Dieciséis de los 23 pacientes eran mujeres. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 42,8 años. Diecinueve pacientes habían tenido infección sintomática por COVID-19 en el pasado. La duración entre el inicio de los síntomas de COVID-19 y la artritis osciló entre 5 y 52 días, con una media de 25,9 días. La rodilla fue la articulación más comúnmente involucrada (16 de 23 casos). Siete pacientes tenían dolor lumbar inflamatorio y 9 tenían entesitis. La mayoría de los pacientes fueron tratados con medicamentos antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y esteroides, ya fuera una inyección de depósito o un ciclo oral corto. Tres pacientes requirieron tratamiento con hidroxicloroquina y metotrexato, que finalmente se suspendieron. No se reportaron recaídas en ninguno de los pacientes.

Conclusión

Al combinar nuestros datos con otros 21 informes de casos de artritis reactiva, se observó un patrón de artritis oligoarticular asimétrico predominante en las extremidades inferiores con predominio femenino. El número medio de articulaciones afectadas fue de 2,8. A menudo coexistían síntomas axiales y entesitis. El tratamiento con antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y esteroides intraarticulares fue eficaz. Sin embargo, aún no se ha demostrado si el COVID-19 fue la etiología definitiva de la artritis.

Palabras clave:
Artritis reactiva por COVID-19
Artritis post-COVID-19
Artritis reactiva post-COVID-19
Texto completo
Introduction

Immune-mediated manifestations of Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) have been reported, among which vasculitis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, myositis, lupus, and arthritis are the major rheumatological ones.1 Mechanisms underlying the development of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases like reactive arthritis (ReA) after COVID-19 infection are yet to be elucidated properly. Transient virus-mediated immunosuppression along with high cytokine levels, especially interleukin-17, which is elevated in ReA, may be responsible for the development of ReA.2,3 Humoral response to viral particles acting as antigens and deposition of these immune complexes within the joints might be responsible for the development of arthritis.4 Molecular mimicry is also another mechanism proposed in the pathogenesis of viral arthritis and COVID-19 related immunological consequences (but not arthritis specifically).5 However, further studies on pathomechanisms of arthrogenicity of coronavirus are required.

ReA is a form of asymmetric oligoarthritis mostly involving the lower limbs, with or without extra-articular features, usually predated by an infection of the gastrointestinal or urogenital tract. Symptoms develop 1–3 weeks after the infection and apart from arthritis, conjunctivitis, dactylitis, enthesitis, and inflammatory lower back pain may occur. Classically, ReA is known to occur after bacterial infections like Chlamydia,6 ReA can rarely be associated with streptococcal, staphylococcal, and even chlamydial respiratory infections.7,8 To the best of our knowledge, ReA triggered by respiratory viral infections have not been reported in the pre-coronavirus era. Viral infections can be associated with musculoskeletal symptoms in the acute phase, but the development of ReA is rare. Since the emergence of coronavirus in late 2019, a few case reports of ReA after COVID-19 infection have been reported.4,9–27 Amongst inflammatory arthritis, other reported conditions after COVID-19 infection is rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthropathy.28

Here, we present a case series of ReA after a definitive COVID-19 infection.

Methods

A retrospective study of patients presenting with oligo or polyarthritis to the Rheumatology outpatient department of a tertiary care centre from June 2020 to February 2021 was conducted. As there are no definitive criteria for diagnosing reactive arthritis, it was diagnosed based on the clinical presentation of arthritis following a documented COVID-19 infection. Cases were collected based on author recall and review of the database. Patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathy, psoriatic arthritis, gout, Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), osteoarthritis was excluded. Patients were prior history of arthritis were excluded. Patients who tested positive for Antinuclear Antibody, Rheumatoid Factor, anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide were excluded. Only patients with a documented history of COVID-19 illness [by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing] 1–8 weeks before symptoms or those with positive COVID-19 antibody test (done at the discretion of the treating physician) were included. The COVID-19 antibody test comprised of antibody Immunoglobulin (Ig) G measured by chemiluminescent microparticle assay and total antibodies (IgG and IgM) using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The cut off indices for these tests were 1.4 and 1 respectively. None of the patients had been previously vaccinated against COVID-19. Patients with a history suggestive of reactive arthritis but without documented evidence of COVID-19 (both PCR and antibody-negative) were excluded. Available demographic details and information on the number and pattern of joints (with clinical synovitis) involved, inflammatory markers and treatment were collected. For patients where a doubt regarding synovitis in a particular joint existed, an ultrasound examination was performed to confirm the same. Patients were questioned about a relapse of symptoms on follow up visits. Ethical clearance has been obtained for the study from the Institutional ethical committee (IPGME&R Research Oversight Committee; IPGME&R/IEC/2021/558; dated 28th September 2021).

Results

A total of 23 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The available demographic details, details of COVID-19 serology, and musculoskeletal symptoms are given in Table 1.

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of 14 patients with post COVID ReA.

Patient no.  Age  Sex  Comorbidities  History of COVID  Days between onset of COVID and articular symptoms  PCR positive  COVID antibody positivity  CRP (normal value)  Joints involved  No. of joints involved  Inflammatory lower back pain  Enthesitis (site)  Other associated symptoms  Treatment received 
19  –  Yes  20  Yes  Not checked    Left knee  Yes  Yes (chest wall)  Myalgia  NSAIDs, low dose steroids 
37  Hypothyroidism  Yes  21  Yes  Not checked  0.51 (<0.3)  Bilateral knees  Yes  Yes (Achilles tendinitis)  –  NSAIDs 
61  –  Yes  25  Yes  Not checked    Bilateral knees  Yes  Yes (chest wall)  Myalgia  NSAIDs 
69  –  Yes  20  Yes  Not checked    Both shoulders and ankles, left knee  Yes  Yes (Achilles tendinitis)  –  NSAIDs, low dose steroids, hydroxychloroquine 
41  Hypertension  Yes  12    Yes  7.4 (<5)  Both ankles, knees and left wrist  No  No  –  NSAIDs, low dose steroids 
45  Diabetes, hypertension  No  –    Yes  3.2(<5)  Bilateral knees, ankles and wrists  No  Yes (mid foot)  –  Low dose steroids, methotrexate 
47  –  Yes  10    Yes  15.9(<5)  Bilateral ankle joints  No  No  –  NSAIDs, IACS 
55  –  Yes  50    Yes    Bilateral knees, ankles  No  No  Myalgia  Depot steroids 
64  –  No  –    Yes    Bilateral knees  Yes  No  –  NSAIDs 
10  49  –  No  –    Yes  3.9 (<5)  Bilateral wrists, MCP, left ankle  –  No  Yes (Achilles tendinitis)  –  NSAID, depot steroid 
11  55  –  No  –    Yes    Bilateral knees  No  No  –  NSAIDs 
12  36  –  Yes  Yes  Not checked  47 (<5)  Bilateral ankles  No  No  –  NSAIDs, depot steroids 
13  28  –  Yes  27    Yes  Normal  Bilateral ankles and wrists  No  No  Erythematous skin rash  NSAIDs 
14  58  Hypertension  Yes  15  Yes  Not checked  Normal  Left knee  No  No  –  NSAIDs 
15  35  –  Yes  42  Yes  Not checked  86 (<6)  Bilateral knees and ankles  No  No  –  NSAIDs, oral steroids 
16  36  –  Yes  22  Yes  Not checked  12 (<6)  Left knee, right ankle  No  No  –  NSAIDs 
17  20  –  Yes  18  Yes  Yes    Left ankle, right knee, bilateral first MCPs  Yes  No  –  NSAIDs, IACS 
18  21  –  Yes  45  Yes  Not checked    Bilateral wrists, right knee and ankle, left elbow  Yes  Yes (Bilateral Achilles tendinitis)  Bilateral conjunctivitis  NSAIDs 
19  48  –  Yes  30  Yes  Not checked    Left wrist and shoulder, right ankle  No  No  –  NSAIDs 
20  45  –  Yes  21  Yes  Not checked    Left ankle, right 2nd MCP and PIP, left 3rd MCP  No  No  –  NSAIDs 
21  26  –  Yes  52  Yes  Not checked    Left knee  No  Yes (left Achilles tendinitis)  –  NSAIDs 
22  56  Hypertension  Yes  30  Yes  Not checked    Bilateral wrists, knees, ankles and left shoulder  No  No  –  NSAIDs, oral steroids, hydroxychloroquine 
23  34  –  Yes  28  Yes  Not checked  21 (<6)  Left ankle  No  Yes (Left Achilles tendinitis)  –  NSAIDs 

CRP, C-reactive protein; F, female; IgG, immunoglobulin G; M, male; MCP, metacarpophalangeal; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.

Sixteen out of 23 patients were female. The age of the patients ranged from 19 to 69 years (mean 42.8±14.1 years). Nineteen patients had a past history of symptoms suggestive of COVID-19, with fever being the commonest symptom, present in all patients. Only 2 patients required hospitalisation for the management of COVID-19 (patients 2, and 3). Four patients had no definitive symptom of COVID-19 but antibody tests were ordered by the treating physician because of similarity of symptoms with patients with documented preceding COVID-19 infection. In patients with prior symptoms, the duration between onset of fever and arthritis ranged from 5 to 52 (n=19) days with a mean of 25.9 (± 12.8) days. Knee was the most commonly involved joint. Knee joint involvement was seen in 16 out of 23 patients, and bilateral knee joint was affected in 9 out of those 16 cases. Ankles were involved in 15 and wrists in 7 out of 23 patients. Seven patients had inflammatory low back pain fulfilling the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society criteria29 and 9 had enthesitis. The Achilles tendon was the most common site of enthesitis followed by chest wall enthesitis. Amongst other features of reactive arthritis, only bilateral conjunctivitis was present in one patient. Most patients were treated with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids (either depot injection or a short oral course). Three patients required prolonged treatment – two with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) 5mg/kg/day and one with methotrexate 15mg/week because of persistent joint pain after steroid tapering. HCQ was discontinued after 4 months and methotrexate after 5 months of treatment. There was no relapse of symptoms in any of the above-mentioned patients.

Discussion

COVID-19 associated rheumatological complaints include myalgia, arthralgia and fatigue which can occur either during or after the infection.28,30 Arthritis occurring a few days after recovery has been reported in the form of ReA, acute arthritis or post-viral arthritis. However, apart from the serologic evidence of past COVID-19 infection, the attribution of the arthritis to COVID-19 is partly speculative and cannot be done beyond doubt. It is also possible that the arthritis is a part of a prolonged COVID infection-called as post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. In our series, 23 patients presented with arthritis after a documented COVID-19 infection. Twenty-one cases of arthritis after COVID-19 are reported in the literature4,9–27 (Table 2).

Table 2.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of 21 reported cases of post COVID ReA.

Author  Age  Sex  Documented COVID  Duration between COVID and articular symptoms  Joints involved  No. of joints involved  CRP  Treatment 
Yokogawa et al.4  57  Yes  17  Left wrist, right shoulder, bilateral knees  4.8mg/dL  Spontaneous resolution 
Parisi et al.9  58  Yes  25  Ankle arthritis, Achilles tendinitis  7.36mg/L (0–5)  NSAIDs 
Ono et al.10  50s  Yes  22  Bilateral ankles, right Achilles tendinitis  7.4mg/dL (0–0.14)  NSAIDs, IACS 
Waller et al.11  16  Yes  14  MCPs, wrists, shoulders, hips, knees  –  <1  – 
Jali12  39  Yes  21  DIP, PIP of hands  –  Normal  NSAIDs 
Coath et al.13  53  Yes  –  Inflammatory back pain  –  13mg/l (<10)  IM steroids, NSAIDs 
Liew et al.14  47  Yes  Right knee    NSAIDs, IACS 
Saricaoglu et al.15  73  Yes  22  Left 1st MTP, bilateral PIP and DIP of toes  Markedly elevated  NSAIDs 
Danssaert et al.16  37  Yes  12  Right hand (tenosynovitis)  –  Normal  Opioids, topical NSAIDs 
Fragata et al.17  41  Yes  28  PIP, DIP, MCP  –  Normal  Oral steroids, NSAIDs 
Gasparotto et al.18  60  Yes  32  Right ankle, knee, hip  237mg/dL (<6)  NSAIDs 
Hønge et al.19  53  Yes  21  Right knee, both ankles and the lateral side of the left foot  327mg/dL  NSAIDs, oral steroid 
Kocyigit et al.20  53  Yes  29  Left knee  10.8mg/dL (<10mg/dL)  NSAIDs 
Schenker et al.21  65  Yes  10  Bilateral knees, ankles and wrists  34.7mg/dL  Prednisolone 
Di Carlo et al.22  55  Yes  37  Right ankle  5.6mg/dL  Methylprednisolone 
Hasbani et al.23  25  Yes  19  Inflammatory back pain, left ankle and right elbow  207mg/L  Oral prednisolone, sulphasalazine 
Hasbani et al.23  57  Yes  30  Left wrist  28.9mg/L  Oral prednisolone, NSAIDs 
Sureja et al.24  27  Yes  14  Bilateral knees, ankles, midfoot, right wrist, MCPs,PIPs  Approximately 10  NSAIDs 
Shokraee et al.25  58  Yes  15  Right hip  6.5mg/L  NSAID, prednisolone 
Gibson et al.26  37  Yes  35  Bilateral wrists and PIPs  Approximately 5  25mg/dL (5mg/dL)  Oral prednisolone and NSAIDs 
Ghauri et al.27  34  Yes  15  Right knee  Elevated  NSAID, IACS 

CRP, C-reactive protein; DIP, distal interphalangeal; F, female; IACS, intra-articular corticosteroids; M, male; MCP, metacarpophalangeal; MTP, metatarsophalangeal; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PIP, proximal interphalangeal.

Out of these 21 cases, 12 were male and 9 were female. However, in our cohort, a majority of the patients (16 out of 23) were women. The age group of previously reported 21 patients varied from 16 to 73 years which was similar to what was reported by us. The duration between onset of COVID-19 symptoms and arthritis symptoms varied from 3 to 37 days. Although the patient who developed symptoms in 3 days was concurrently positive for COVID-19, the authors state that he might have been tested later in the course of his disease as evidenced by the high Cycle threshold value in RT-PCR.15

From the pooled data available from 44 patients (23 from our cohort and 21 from previous reports), 25 were female and 19 were male. The mean age of the population was 45±14.24 years. The mean number of days from the onset of COVID-19 symptoms to the onset of arthritis was (n=39) was 23.4±11.16 days.

The pattern of joint involvement in the 21 reported cases4,9–27 showed arthritis affecting knees and ankles in 9 and 8 patients respectively (shown in Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Frequency of joint involvement in post-COVID ReA patients.

(0.35MB).

Small joints of the hands were involved in 7 of the 21 reported cases. Few cases were limited to arthritis of the small joints of the hands or feet12,15–17 which is unusual in reactive arthritis. Our series showed a lower limb predominant arthritis with only three patients having arthritis of the small joints of the hand. Out of the total 42 cases of ReA with peripheral arthritis following COVID-19 patients, 29 (69.05%) had oligoarthritis with involvement of fewer than 5 joints, and 13 (30.2%) had polyarthritis. One case had only inflammatory low back pain (IBP) with no articular involvement13 and another had right-hand tenosynovitis.16 Eleven patients had monoarthritis. On reviewing the pooled data, the exact number of joints involved were available for 36 patients. The mean number of joints involved was 2.8±1.7. An asymmetric pattern of joint involvement is typical of ReA, and we found that out of 40 patients with information about symmetricity of joint peripheral joint involvement, 27 had asymmetric arthritis and 34 had symmetric arthritis.

IBP was present in 7 of our patients and two in the rest of the reported cases (who were also Human Leucocyte Antigen- B27 (HLA-B27) positive).13,23 Of the reported cases in which HLA-B27 was tested, 4 patients tested positive.13,21,23 A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the sacroiliac joints and an HLA-B27 test could have added an informative aspect to the management and follow up of these patients. Enthesitis involving the chest wall and Achilles’ tendons was present in 11 out of 44 patients. Enthesitis and IBP were coexistent in 5 patients. This leads us to believe that these patients might be a group susceptible to developing spondyloarthropathy. These patients will be kept under surveillance. The low incidence of back pain and enthesitis reported in the case reports might be due to the prompt response to NSAIDs given for arthritis or due to steroids which the patient might have received for COVID-19.

The level of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) was normal in some and elevated in some patients. Most of the patients were treated with NSAIDs and/or either intra-articular corticosteroid (IACS) injection or systemic steroids. One of our patients (Patient No. 13) had a diffuse erythematous, maculopapular, non- pruritic rash during the presentation which resolved subsequently (Supplementary Fig. S1) and another had bilateral conjunctivitis. Other symptoms associated with ReA like balanitis, and urethritis were absent in our patients but one case report had balanitis.15

Certain limitations of our study need to be addressed. The small sample size of 23 patients was due to the inability to test for COVID-19 antibodies in some patients with suspected post-COVID-19 ReA. The patients were recruited by the author recall posing the issue of recall bias. Testing for HLA-B-27 and MRI of sacroiliac joints for patients with inflammatory back pain was not done. Infections causing ReA like Yersinia, Salmonella, Shigella could not be definitively ruled out, although the patients were questioned for a preceding history of a urinary tract infection or gastroenteritis. The possibility of the symptoms being an initial manifestation of other inflammatory arthritides cannot be conclusively ruled out without long term follow up of these patients. Synovial fluid analysis was not done for any of the patients, hence it was not possible to completely rule out crystal arthropathy. To conclude definitively that COVID-19 is responsible for the arthritis in these patients is difficult and is a hypothesis pending to be proven. Despite these limitations, this is probably the largest case series describing ReA following COVID-19 infection to date. Further studies are required to gather more knowledge regarding post-COVID-19 reactive arthritis.

Conclusion

Herein, we report 23 cases of reactive arthritis after COVID-19 infection. On combining this data with other 21 reported cases of ReA we found that it occurred more commonly in females. A lower limb predominant, oligoarticular, asymmetrical pattern was common, although involvement of the small joints has also been adequately reported. The mean number of joints involved in all patients was 3. Axial symptoms and enthesitis were present and often coexistent. Treatment with NSAIDs and intra-articular steroids lead to successful resolution in most cases.

Authors’ contributions

RR: collected patient data and materials, writing-original draft, literature search; AP: collected patient data and materials, review and editing; SM: collected patient data and materials, writing-original draft, DS: collected patient data and materials, writing-original draft, AG: review and editing, AC: collected patient data and materials, conceptualisation, review and editing

Ethics approval

Ethical clearance obtained from Institutional ethical committee (IPGME&R Research Oversight Committee; IPGME&R/IEC/2021/558; dated 28th September, 2021).

Data availability statement

The data underlying this article are available in the article and its online supplementary material.

Sources of funding

No specific funding was received from any bodies in to carry out the work described in this article.

Conflicts of interest

None of the study authors has any conflicts of interest to declare.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Appendix A
Supplementary data

The following are the supplementary data to this article:

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Dr. Atanu Pal and Dr. Rashmi Roongta contributed equally to this paper.

Copyright © 2022. Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Reumatología y Colegio Mexicano de Reumatología
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