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2</a>&#41;&#46; X-rays of wrists and legs showed periosteal reaction along the metacarpals&#44; distal radius&#44; ulna&#44; tibia and fibula &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; but not acro-osteolysis of the distal phalanges of the hands and feet&#46; Human immunodeficiency virus antibody test was negative&#46; Pharmacologic therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was effective in relieving pain from hypertrophic osteoarthropathy &#40;HOA&#41; during his hospital stay and after 3 months of follow-up&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HOA is a syndrome characterized by digital clubbing&#44; periostosis of tubular bones and noninflammatory arthritis of large joints&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Digital clubbing is characterized by an increase of the normal 160-degree angle between the nail bed and the proximal nail-fold &#40;Lovibond&#39;s angle&#41;&#46; In clubbing&#44; this angle exceeds 180 degrees&#44; while in pseudoclubbing it is preserved&#46; Contrary to digital clubbing&#44; finger involvement is asymmetrical in the majority of the reported cases of pseudoclubbing&#44; and acro-osteolysis instead of an overgrowth of the phalangeal tufts seen in clubbing&#44; is the typical radiographic finding in pseudoclubbing&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">HOA is classified as either primary &#40;pachydermoperiostosis&#41; or secondary to pulmonary&#44; cardiac&#44; liver or gastrointestinal diseases characterized by arteriovenous shunt&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> Pulmonary malignancies are the most common disorders associated with HOA &#40;80&#37;&#41;&#46; Chronic infections associated with cystic fibrosis&#44; subacute bacterial endocarditis&#44; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and pulmonary tuberculosis are also associated with HOA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Our case illustrates the HOA as a rare late complication of pulmonary tuberculosis&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of HOA is unknown&#44; although an impaired lung function due to the exclusion of this organ from part of the circulation is common in most diseases associated with HOA&#46; It has been suggested that in hypoxic conditions&#44; megakaryocytes bypass the pulmonary circulation through arteriovenous shunts and directly reach the distal sites in the systemic circulation and interact with endothelial cells&#44; releasing growth factors&#44; such as vascular endothelial growth factor &#40;VEGF&#41;&#44; resulting in angiogenesis and thus digital clubbing&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#8211;8</span></a> VEGF is a platelet-derived factor induced by hypoxia that produces vascular hyperplasia&#44; new bone formation&#44; edema&#44; and fibroblast&#47;osteoblast proliferation&#44; which are histological alterations of HOA&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the association of HOA with pulmonary tuberculosis has been rarely reported&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;12</span></a> physicians should consider HOA as a complication of non-neoplastic diseases&#44; such as pulmonary tuberculosis&#44; an endemic infection of the world&#39;s population&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Protection of human and animal subjects</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; 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Vol. 11. Núm. 4.
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Vol. 11. Núm. 4.
Páginas 255-257 (julio - agosto 2015)
Images in Clinical Rheumatology
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Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy as a complication of pulmonary tuberculosis
Osteoartropatía hipertrófica como complicación de la tuberculosis pulmonar
Visitas
11777
Muñoz Carlos Horacio, Vásquez Gloria María, González Luis Alonso
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lagnvvn68@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
Division of Rheumatology, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Medellín, Colombia
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The patient is a 17-year-old man with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis treated for 6 months with the standard regimen [isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide for 2 months (intensive phase) followed by isoniazid and rifampin for 4 months (continuation phase)] with complete adherence and whose sputum smears at the end of his treatment were negative for acid-fast bacillus. Six months later, he presented to the emergency room complaining of pain and swelling of the ankles, knees and wrists for four weeks prior to admission with no constitutional (fever, night sweats, fatigue, weight loss) and respiratory symptoms. On physical examination, finger clubbing was evident and confirmed by observation of the Schamroth's sign (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1.

Digital clubbing. (A) Clubbed appearance of distal phalanges. (B) Positive Schamroth's sign: the normal diamond-shaped window created by placing the dorsal surfaces of terminal phalanges on opposing fingers together is obliterated in clubbing.

(0.1MB).

Chest computer tomography showed cystic bronchiectasis and cavitations in the left lower and upper lobes (Fig. 2). X-rays of wrists and legs showed periosteal reaction along the metacarpals, distal radius, ulna, tibia and fibula (Fig. 3) but not acro-osteolysis of the distal phalanges of the hands and feet. Human immunodeficiency virus antibody test was negative. Pharmacologic therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was effective in relieving pain from hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) during his hospital stay and after 3 months of follow-up.

Fig. 2.

Chest computer tomography scan showing cystic bronchiectasis and cavitation in the left lower and upper lobes.

(0.11MB).
Fig. 3.

Radiographs of wrists (A and B) and legs (C) showing periostosis (arrows) at metacarpals, distal ends of the radius, ulna, tibia and fibula.

(0.16MB).
Discussion

HOA is a syndrome characterized by digital clubbing, periostosis of tubular bones and noninflammatory arthritis of large joints.1,2 Digital clubbing is characterized by an increase of the normal 160-degree angle between the nail bed and the proximal nail-fold (Lovibond's angle). In clubbing, this angle exceeds 180 degrees, while in pseudoclubbing it is preserved. Contrary to digital clubbing, finger involvement is asymmetrical in the majority of the reported cases of pseudoclubbing, and acro-osteolysis instead of an overgrowth of the phalangeal tufts seen in clubbing, is the typical radiographic finding in pseudoclubbing.3

HOA is classified as either primary (pachydermoperiostosis) or secondary to pulmonary, cardiac, liver or gastrointestinal diseases characterized by arteriovenous shunt.1,2 Pulmonary malignancies are the most common disorders associated with HOA (80%). Chronic infections associated with cystic fibrosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and pulmonary tuberculosis are also associated with HOA.4 Our case illustrates the HOA as a rare late complication of pulmonary tuberculosis.

The pathogenesis of HOA is unknown, although an impaired lung function due to the exclusion of this organ from part of the circulation is common in most diseases associated with HOA. It has been suggested that in hypoxic conditions, megakaryocytes bypass the pulmonary circulation through arteriovenous shunts and directly reach the distal sites in the systemic circulation and interact with endothelial cells, releasing growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), resulting in angiogenesis and thus digital clubbing.1,5–8 VEGF is a platelet-derived factor induced by hypoxia that produces vascular hyperplasia, new bone formation, edema, and fibroblast/osteoblast proliferation, which are histological alterations of HOA.6–8

Although the association of HOA with pulmonary tuberculosis has been rarely reported,9–12 physicians should consider HOA as a complication of non-neoplastic diseases, such as pulmonary tuberculosis, an endemic infection of the world's population.

Ethical disclosuresProtection of human and animal subjects

The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.

Confidentiality of data

The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of patient data.

Right to privacy and informed consent

The authors have obtained the written informed consent of the patients or subjects mentioned in the article. The corresponding author is in possession of this document.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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